2025 - Sustainable Industrial Processing Summit
SIPS2025 Volume 12. Intl. Symp on Mining, Mineral and Geomechanics
| Editors: | F. Kongoli, L. Guo, L. Liu, G.N. Anastassakis, L. Andric, K. Aravossis, V. Chanturiya, I. Chatjigeorgiou, D. Fuerstenau, V. Panayotov, J. Rubinstein |
| Publisher: | Flogen Star OUTREACH |
| Publication Year: | 2025 |
| Pages: | 240 pages |
| ISBN: | 978-1-998384-60-0 (CD) |
| ISSN: | 2291-1227 (Metals and Materials Processing in a Clean Environment Series) |
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3D PRINTABILITY ASSESSMENT OF COPPER MINE TAILINGS-SILT HYBRID GEOPOLYMER-CEMENT MORTAR VIA TAGUCHI DESIGN
Anton Justo Ventura1; Mark Jefferson Plata1; Karlo Leandro Baladad1; Eduardo Magdaluyo1;1UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES DILIMAN, Quezon City, Philippines;
Type of Paper: Regular
Id Paper: 223
Topic: 5
Abstract:
This study investigates the extrusion-based 3D printing response of hybrid geopolymer-cement mortars formulated with copper mine tailings and silt as alternative raw materials. A Taguchi design was employed to evaluate the effects of extrusion pressure, nozzle diameter-to-layer height (ND/LH) ratio, and print speed under varying Z-Max settings on print quality, dimensional accuracy, and defect formation. Twenty-seven experimental runs using a hollow cylindrical geometry were conducted, with both qualitative and quantitative assessments of surface finish, layer consistency, and dimensional errors. Results showed that a Z-Max setting of 413 mm yielded the highest print success rate, while settings between 412.7 and 412.9 mm led to frequent failures due to over-extrusion, under-extrusion, and poor interlayer adhesion. The ND/LH ratio was identified as the most statistically significant factor, strongly affecting total height (p = 0.000) and outer diameter (p = 0.002), whereas extrusion pressure had minimal influence. Best parameters for height and dimensional accuracy were 2.5 bar pressure, a 4:1 ND/LH ratio, and 20 mm/s print speed. For improved inner and outer diameter control, 2 bar pressure, a 2:1 ND/LH ratio, and 15 mm/s proved more effective. A demonstration block printed using the best-performing settings confirmed the influence of path design on geometric fidelity. Notable defects such as edge curvature, center voids, and inconsistent layering underscore the importance of refined path coding. In summary, the findings support the viability of mine tailings and silt in 3D-printable construction applications and highlight the critical role of process parameter optimization in achieving geometric precision.