POSTERS

SESSION:MoltenPoster	Angell International Symposium on Molten Salt, Ionic & Glass-forming Liquids: Processing and Sustainability (7th Intl. Symp. on Molten Salt, Ionic & Glass-forming Liquids: Processing and Sustainability).
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	23-27 Oct, 2019

[MoltenPoster1] Electrochemical Behaviour of Tungsten Oxide and its Compounds in Carbamide Melts
Sergei. Devyatkin ¹ ; Svetlana. Kochetova ² ; ¹Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistrt, Kiev, Ukraine; ²V.I. Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine;
Paper Id: 14 [Abstract]

Carbamide melts have been discovered as applications as electrolytes for electrochemical treatment of metals [1]. As an example, the possibility of electrodeposition of refractory metals from carbamide melts at 135°С has been examined for tungsten. WO₃ was insoluble in carbamide melts. The solubility of Li₂WO₄, Na₂WO₄, and K₂WO₄ in carbamide melts at 135°С reaches 5 wt.%, which makes it possible to carry out voltammetric studies and electrolysis experiments. Investigation of the electrochemical behaviour of tungsten oxides show the first step as an irreversible change transfer of W(VI) to W(0), followed by an irreversible chemical reation with formation insoluble in carbamide melts, the lower oxidation state of tungsten oxide. When studying the electrochemical behaviour of tungsten oxide and its compounds (Li₂WO₄, Na₂WO₄, and K₂WO₄) in molten carbamide, it can be concluded that maximum limiting currents are typical of the (NH₂)₂CO-Na₂WO₄ system. Micron W coatings on nickel cathodes have been obtained by the electrolysis of the molten system (NH₂)₂CO-Na₂WO₄ at current densities of 10-20 mA/cm².

[MoltenPoster2] Thermophysical Properties and Citotoxicity of New Biologically Friendly Agmatine-based Ionic Liquids and Salts
Jovana. Panic ¹ ; Aleksandar. Tot ² ; Slobodan. Gadzuric ¹ ; Milan. Vraneš ³ ; ¹Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro (formerly Yugoslavia); ²Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro (formerly Yugoslavia); ³Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro;
Paper Id: 45 [Abstract]

Recently, studies on ions and ionic interactions in solution have raised as a leading research direction of culminating importance.[1] In medicine, pharmacy and drug development, including sports supplementation, ionizable molecules are required for better bioavailability in the organism.[2] The main problem in medicine and the food industry is the implementation of substances which have a tendency to create polymorphs since each form shows different solubility and biological activity.[3] The most promising strategy to avoid this issue, can be observed in the field of ionic liquids (ILs), compounds which are usually composed of large asymmetric cations and organic/inorganic anions, and exist as a liquid at temperatures below 100°C. ILs have numerous advantages that may be applied in medicine and food industry such as good solubility in water, which leads to improved bioavailability, designed lipophilicity which allows easier transport of the desired compounds through the cell membrane and possibility of ILs synthesis with synergistic cation and anion performances.[4] Unique dynamic micro- and nanoheterogeneous structuring of these substances has been shown to have a significant effect on physicochemical and biological properties of ILs. Until now, a large number of ILs with different pharmacologically and biological active anions (amino acids, Krebs cycle molecules, etc.) were synthesized, but the selection of cation is mostly dedicated to choline as a widespread biological nutrient.[5] The extensive search in the field of ionic liquids started for new, biologically active cation besides choline. One of the possible solution can be agmatine, endogenous polycationic amine derived from L-arginine through enzymatic decarboxylation. Six new agmatine bioinspired salts, agmatine citrate, agmatine ascorbate, agmatine glutamate, agmatine m-hydroxybenzoate, agmatine nitrate, and agmatine chloride, and three ionic liquids, agmatine ibuprofenate, agmatine salicylate, and agmatine nicotinate were synthesized. For all newly synthesized compounds the glass transition temperature, melting and decomposition temperature were determined using thermogravimetric and DSC analysis. The cytotoxicity on MRC-5 and HT-29 cell lines was tested also, where results indicate lower toxicity of examined compounds compared to ascorbic acid on the human non-tumor cell lines. Densimetric and viscosimetric measurements of their aqueous solutions were performed, supported by molecular dynamics simulation. From obtained results, it can be concluded that all investigated compounds have a structrure-making properties. The effect of the anion nature on the conformation of agmatine cation is negligible in the investigated concentration range.

[MoltenPoster3] Electrochemical study of anatase TiO2 nanotube arrays electrode in electrolyte based on 1,3-diethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquid
Snezana. Papovic ¹ ; Milan. Vraneš ² ; Nikola. Cvjeticanin ³ ; Slobodan. Gadzuric ⁴ ; Sanja. Dozic ⁴ ; ¹University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro; ²Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro; ³Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro (formerly Yugoslavia); ⁴Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro (formerly Yugoslavia);
Paper Id: 48 [Abstract]

The density, viscosity and electrical conductivity of ionic liquid 1,3-diethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, (C₂C₂imTFSI), and 0.5 M solution of LiTFSI in C₂C₂imTFSI were determined at different temperatures. The LiTFSI/C2C2imTFSI system was tested as a possible electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries by using anatase TiO₂ nanotube arrays [1] electrode as anode material for a first time. The electrochemical testing has shown the improvement of lithium-ion insertion/deinsertion properties by increasing temperature. Also the existence of the decomposition of the electrolyte detects the change of colour. The decomposition of electrolyte leads to the formation of a film on the surface of the electrode [2,3] which improves coulombic efficiency during cycling.

[MoltenPoster4] ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF CHROMIUM BORIDES IN HALIDE-OXIDE MELTS
Hasbi. Kushkhov ¹ ; Marina. Ligidova ¹ ; Oksana. Ashinova ¹ ; Romina. Karatsukova ¹ ; ¹Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nalchik, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 52 [Abstract]

By the method of a cyclic voltammetry, the process of electroreduction of oxygen-containing ions of chrome CrO₄^2- and Cr2O72- and processes of their joint electroreduction with fluorborat-ion BF₄^-in equimolar KCl-NaCl melt at temperature 1073 K were studied.<br />It is shown that the electroreduction of CrO₄^2- and Cr₂O₇^2- ions occurs in two stages with formation of chrome oxide Cr₂O₃ at the first stage. At the second stage, in a case of electroreduction of CrO₄^2- ions Cr₂O₃ forms and a mix Cr₂O₃ and metal chrome forms in a case of electroreduction of Cr₂O₇^2- ions. <br />It is established that the fluorborat-ion in the equimolar KCl-NaCl background melt can interact with chrome ions Cr₂O₇^2- with formation of oxyfluoride chrome complexes, and boron complexes CrO₂F₄^2-, BOF^2-, and BOF^-.<br />The possibility of electrochemical synthesis of chrome boride phases in halide-oxide melts by the method of joint electroreduction of oxyfluoride complexes of chrome and boron complexes is showed.

[MoltenPoster5] Peculiarities of Electro-reduction of Lithium Carbonate in Chloride-carbonate Melts
Sergei. Kuleshov ¹ ; Inessa. Novoselova ² ; Valeriy. Bykov ³ ; ¹Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Kiev, Ukraine; ²Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Kyiv, Ukraine; ³Institute of Physics, Kiev, Ukraine;
Paper Id: 96 [Abstract]

During the last decade, the problem of the greenhouse effect is widely covered in the media and scientific literature. Among the all pollutants in the earth's atmosphere, carbon dioxide plays a key role in climate changes. It absorbs the long-wave radiation and is one of the factors contributing to the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere. Therefore, the problem of the effective disposal of carbon dioxide is an urgent task of scientists around the world. In order to reduce CO₂ emissions, the technologies for its capture and utilization are being developed [1-3]. Many methods of carbon dioxide utilization are discussed. They are aimed at converting CO₂ into commercially beneficial products such as chemicals, polymers, building materials, fuel, etc.<br />High-temperature electrochemical synthesis (HTES) in molten salts is one of the promising methods due to the simplicity of hardware implementation and mild synthesis conditions. Also, HTES is a low cost method. It was shown [4] that the electro-reduction of carbonates anions in chloride melts occurs with kinetic difficulties (the previous chemical reaction of the acid-base type) and the electrochemically active particle is CO₂.<br />In the present work, the results of the cyclic voltammetry study in the molten salt system Na,K|Cl - xLi₂CO₃ (x = 1*10^-4 - 2*10^-3 mol/cm³ Li₂CO₃ concentration) against Pt and Pb|PbCl₂ reference electrodes at temperature 750 ^oC in air and argon atmosphere are presented. The composition and morphology of the cathode products obtained under varied experimental parameters were investigated.<br />There are two cathodic waves (K₁ and K₂) observed at CV curves at the potentials of -1.25 and -1.5 V against Pb|PbCl₂ reference electrode in argon atmosphere.<br />Potentiostatic electrolyzes at potentials of the first and second waves were carried out. According to results of XRD method the cathodic product of both waves is carbon. The results of SEM showed that the morphology of the product produced at different potentials is not the same. Samples obtained at a potential of the first wave contain particles with plate form. Other ones (electrolysis at second wave) contain spherical carbon particles of very high dispersity. This may indicate the different nature of the electrochemically active particles that are involved in electrode reactions. The mechanism of electrode processes based on acid-base interactions occurring in melts is proposed.

[MoltenPoster6] Electrical conductivity of molten (LiCl-KCl)eut. - CsCl mixtures
Alexander. Salyulev ¹ ; Alexei. Potapov ¹ ; ¹Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 99 [Abstract]

The aim of this work is to develop a model for the electrical conductivity of complex melts based on the LiCl-KCl eutectic, containing the spent nuclear fuel components. This message is a continuation of our work [1]. In the present study we measured the electrical conductivity of quasi binary melts (LiCl-KCl)_eut., containing CsCl in concentration range 0 - 100 mol.%. Such molten mixtures are also of interest as solvents for various electrochemical applications. We used in this work a capillary quartz cell with platinum electrodes and the AC-bridge method at the input frequency of 75 kHz. The measurements were carried out at the temperatures up to 900°C. The lowest temperature was 5-10 degrees below the liquidus temperature of all compositions in order to record the onset of the crystallization temperature. The liquidus line of this salt system is built. It was found that the electrical conductivity of all melts increases with increasing temperature and decreases with increasing CsCl concentration. The specific electrical conductivity (κ, S/cm) of several molten mixture is exemplified below: κ = -4.4529 + 9.9064*10^-3T - 3.4082*10^-6T² , (671-1173 K) 20 mol.% CsCl; κ = -3.5257 + 7.5152*10^-3T - 2.4628*10^-6T² , (717-1175 K) 50 mol.% CsCl; κ = -2.7114 + 5.8676*10^-3T - 1.8094*10^-6T² , (864-1172 K) 80 mol.% CsCl. In the molten (LiCl-KCl)_eut. - CsCl mixtures the significant negative deviations of electrical conductivity from additive values were observed over the whole concentration range, indicating that the replacement of some alkaline cations by those, significantly different in size, is accompanied by a significant rearrangement of interparticle bonds, which results in different complexation in the system [2]. The electrical conductivity of molten LiCl - KCl - CsCl with a variable ratio of KCl / CsCl concentrations was also measured in [3]. Keywords: Molten salts; Conductivity; LiCl-KCl; CsCl;

[MoltenPoster7] Estimation of molten salts density in a wide temperature range
Alexei. Potapov ¹ ; Alexander. Salyulev ¹ ; ¹Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 98 [Abstract]

It is known that the density of the most molten salts is well described by linear equations: <i>d = a + b*T</i>, where d is the density of molten salt; a, b are constants; T is the temperature, K. Such equations are convenient for small extrapolations. However, at temperatures near the boiling point and higher, the density of melts deviates markedly from the linear relationship to smaller values. The technique for the long extrapolation of data on the melts density, which considers the non-linear decrease in density of melts at high temperatures (near and beyond boiling point), was proposed. This technique is based on the use of the Rackett's equation [1-3]. The choice of the equation was based on the comparative analysis of the accuracy of various equations for density calculations. It was found that Rackett's equation is the most precise, the uncertainty,<i>u</i>_r<i>(d)</i>, does not exceeds 0.005, which is almost equal to the error of the density experimental determination. The analysis was carried out using the density data on a large amount of molten chlorides (BiCl₃, BeCl₂, ZnCl₂, PbCl₂, InCl₃, ZrCl₄ et. al.) and other inorganic compounds [2,3]. The coefficients A and B in Rackett's equation [1] were calculated using only the low-temperature data on the melts density and then they were extrapolated to the critical temperatures. The critical temperatures values, T_cr., included in the Rackett's equation are available for many molten salts, for example [2,4]. We also considered various ways to estimate T_cr. in the absence of reference data. It is shown that Rackett's equation, in the mathematical sense, is very stable relative to the choice of the value T_cr. This is a significant advantage, since the critical temperature is difficult to determine experimentally and often has to be evaluated. Thus, the method to extrapolate the density of molten salts to high temperatures, up to T_cr, with a small uncertainty was proposed. Keywords: Molten salts; Density estimation; Rackett's equation.

[MoltenPoster8] Investigation of lithium chloride distillation from the UO2 metallization products
Alexander. Salyulev ¹ ; Alexei. Potapov ¹ ; Alexei. Shishkin ¹ ; Vladimir. Shishkin ¹ ; Yurii. Zaikov ¹ ; ¹Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 100 [Abstract]

The possibility to distill the lithium chloride-based electrolyte from metallized products of pyrochemical operations is experimentally verified. The study was carried out in connection with the development of promising options for the industrial method of metallization of uranium dioxide, which is the main component of spent nuclear fuel after its voloxidation. The electrolyte was distilled off from metallized tablets and powders based on uranium dioxide with their continuous vacuuming at 700-900°C [1]. Powders or tablets (4-40 % porosity) of UO₂ or UO₂ + 5-15 wt% La₂O₃, CeO₂, and Nd₂O₃, after electrolytic reduction with lithium in the molten LiCl-Li₂O (0.8-1.5 wt% Li₂O) mixture, were used as the distillation samples. Metallized powders or tablets were placed in nickel or molybdenum containers. Distillation was carried out in quartz tubes under continuous evacuation (P = 1.2-2.5 mPa) for 1-3 hours. The temperature was 700-900°C. The Li, U, La, Ce, and Nd concentrations in metallized products and in vapor condensates were determined with an atomic emission spectrometry using an Optima 4300DV ICP-OES spectrometer before and after distillation. It was found that lithium chloride is the main component of sublimates, the content of rare earth elements and uranium is negligible. In our experiments with the electrolyte content of 10-36 wt.%, lithium compounds (98.8-99.9%) were almost completely removed at 780-850°C for 1.5-3.0 hours. After distillation under such (optimal) conditions, the lithium content (mainly Li₂O) in the metallized products decreased to hundredths of a percent. At lower temperatures the fraction of distilled lithium (in the form of LiCl) decreases, and the use of higher temperatures as compared to the optimal conditions is not recommended, since an undesired back reaction of metallic uranium oxidation to UO₂ by residual lithium oxide occurs: U + 2Li₂O = UO₂ + 4Li. Keywords: Molten salts; UO₂; U; LiCl; Vacuum distillation;

[MoltenPoster9] Stabilization of spent salts by an oxidation and distillation process: optimization of the oxidation step
Benoit. Claux ¹ ; ¹CEA, Is sur Tille, France;
Paper Id: 129 [Abstract]

Spent salts coming from pyrochemical processing are composed of mixtures of NaCl, KCl, and CaCl₂ with various dissolved/precipitated species according to the process used and the storage time and conditions. In order to stabilize these materials, a pyrochemical treatment has been developed by CEA Valduc. It consists in carrying out two steps: pyro-oxidation [1] and distillation [2, 3]. Pyro-oxidation, also known as oxidation-chlorination, allows oxidizing An into a stable oxide: AnO₂. This requires the use of Cl₂ gas to remove excess carbonate through the exhaust of CO₂ and O₂ gases: Ongoing work is underway on the stability of carbonate in salt mixtures. Preliminary results and literrature [4] suggest that carbonates ions can be completely decomposed into carbon dioxide and a stable oxide by simply changing the composition of the molten bath. Indeed, salts containing CaCl₂ showed quick and total decomposition of carbonates. Follow-up work will have to verify the experimental conditions for which the chlorination step can be replaced by a simple stirring or addition of CaCl₂ to remove excess carbonates.

[MoltenPoster10] Electrodeposition of Silicon Coatings in Chloride-Cryolite Melts
Viktor. Malyshev ¹ ; Angelina. Gab ¹ ; Dmytro. Shakhnin ² ;⁰ ; ¹University "Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine; ²V.I. Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine;
Paper Id: 461 [Abstract]

The silicon dioxide electroreduction process in molten salts is of interest both for elemental silicon obtaining and for the electrochemical synthesis of silicides and silicon-based alloys. The most detailed investigation of silica electroreduction processes in chloride-fluoride melts was done in [1, 2], in fluoride melts – in [3], in cryolite melts – in [4]. Chronopotentiometric studies in the Na₃AlF₆-SiO₂ melt have shown that electroreduction process at Ni-cathode surface includes a "weak" pre-dissociation of the complex into the electroactive state followed by 4-electron process of Si (IV) discharge. This work aim is to find an indifferent electrode material for such systems, to obtain new data on the electrochemical behavior of Si (IV) in molten NaCl-Na₃AlF₆, and to determine conditions of electrodeposition of silicon coatings. As the main research method, voltammetry with single and cyclic potential sweep was selected. In addition, potentiostatic electrolysis followed by metallographic and X-ray diffraction analysis of deposits was used. The silica solubility in cryolite melt is caused by the silicon oxifluoride complexes formation. of Current-voltage curves analysis in semilog coordinate system shows that the experimental values of current-voltage dependencies slope are higher than those for reversible four-electron process. The polarization curves slope for the silicon electrode in coordinates lg <i>i</i> - η (n = 2.5-3.2) also exceeds the values for the four-electron reversible process. These experimental facts, as well as presence of two peaks at the anodic dissolution curves, suggesting the possibility of multistage character of the overall process of oxifluoride complex reduction in molten NaCl-Na₃AlF₆ system according to the following scheme: Si(IV) +2e --> Si(II)+2e --> Si(0) Coatings were deposited from the NaCl-Na₃AlF₆-0.5-1.0%(wt.)SiO₂ melt at 900ºC at current densities (1-8)∙10^-2 A/cm². Deposition rate within this range of current densities was 10-40 μm/h, and the current yield as a silicon coating was up to 70-80%. Silicon coatings were obtained on samples of glassy carbon, graphite, nickel, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, and steel 3. Thus, platinum as the electrode material is not indifferent in the systems under investigation. At the current-voltage curves obtained at the glassy-carbon electrode, there is Si (IV) reduction wave stretched along the axis of the potential which potential is close to the potential calculated from thermodynamic quantities. It was shown that the electroreduction of Si (IV) proceeds irreversibly in two stages. Silicon coating on different materials surface were obtained.

SESSION:Ferro-alloysPoster	Flink International Symposium on Sustainable Production of Ferro-alloys (6th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Production of Ferro-alloys)
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	23-27 Oct, 2019

[Ferro-alloysPoster1] Environmental Impacts of the Tailing Impoundment of Iron-ore Mine Nižna Slana (Slovakia)
Danica. Fazekašová ¹ ; Juraj. Fazekaš ¹ ; ¹University of Presov, Prešov, Slovakia;
Paper Id: 232 [Abstract]

The region of North Gemer (Slovakia) is rich in mineral resources which provided good conditions for the development of mining more than 600 years ago. The mining company Siderit in Nižna Slana was one of the most important industrial companies in Gemer w hich dealt with the processing and extraction of iron ore. During operation, the company has emitted solid pollutants to the nearer and farther environment, which are associated with hazardous heavy metals and gaseous emissions of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. The natural dispersion of the pollutants has unfavorable conditions due to the location of the plant in the valley of the river Slana. Mining and metal processing are responsible for the extensive contamination and pollution of soils and water. In particular, old mining works, heaps and sludge basins have become a significant source of surface pollution. The work presents the results of soil research conducted in 2018, 10 years after enclosing the Siderit's operations. The research was carried out at 11 sites which are located in the pollutant field of the tailing impoundment, as well as on the surface of the tailing impoundment. The results showed that, in the soils, there is above-limit content of Hg, As, Ni, Cd, Pb and Fe. The highest measured concentrations exceeded the limit of As by 37.0 times, Hg by 4.0 times, Cd by 2.7 times, Pb by 1.9 times, Ni by 1.4 times and the highest values exceeded the average Fe content up to 6 times compared to limit values set by Act. No. 220/2004 Coll. Based on research results, we can conclude that soils are heavily contaminated with heavy metals, which pose a serious risk to public health, contamination of agricultural production and threats to groundwater and surface waters.

SESSION:RecyclingPoster	Kozlov International Symposium on Sustainable Materials Recycling Processes and Products (7th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Materials Recycling Processes and Products)
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	23-27 Oct, 2019

[RecyclingPoster1] Study of the Capabilities of the Efficient Arsenic Removal from the Lead Dust
Igor. Startsev ¹ ; Vera. Reznichenko ¹ ; Viktor. Shumskiy ¹ ; ¹VNIItsvetmet, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan;
Paper Id: 41 [Abstract]

The objective of the work was to study the capabilities of the efficiency arsenic removal from the lead dusts which are either generated by the copper smelters or removed from lead operation cycles. Arsenic removal issue is the vital problem to be solved to get the dusts involved into the processing operation [1]. According to the sources, sulphatisation of the dusts with sulphuric acid at the temperature of 300-400°С is the most efficient way to get arsenic removed. In terms of arsenic removal rate and leaching agent consumption, the sulphatisation process is more efficient method in comparison with direct sulphuric leaching [1-3]. That is, it is predetermined by the fact that lead dusts contain arsenic compounds which are hardly soluble in sulfurous solutions, but get transformed and fumed into the gas phase at the increased temperatures specific to sulphatisation process [1]. <br />Arsenic transition to gas phase using conventional dust sulphatisation process, however, requires both increased power consumption and installation of the complex systems to collect and utilize the fumes. That makes the sulphatisation process less environmentally friendly than direct sulphuric leaching. Besides, conventional sulphatisation process is less efficient in terms of lead, copper, and zinc recovery degrees. <br />The possibility to combine advantages of both the sulphatisation process and direct sulphuric leaching of the dusts without arsenic sublimation to gas phase was studied within the paper. It was found out that high degrees of arsenic, copper, and zinc recovery to the solutions could be achieved at a decrease of the sulphatisation process temperature to 100-150°С. This provides high quality of the lead products and prevents arsenic fuming. Further, processing of the product solutions including arsenic and valuable metals recovery to final products can be performed using commonly known methods [3-4].

[RecyclingPoster2] Model Analysis of the Methods to Decrease Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions during Fuming- and Waelz-Processes Performed for Zinc-Bearing Middlings
Viktor. Shumskiy ¹ ; Natalya. Kulenova ² ; ¹VNIItsvetmet, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan; ²East Kazakhstan state technical university, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan;
Paper Id: 42 [Abstract]

The objective of the work was a model analysis of possible methods to decrease the consumption of carbon energy resources and associated emissions of CO₂ into the atmosphere during fuming and Waelz processing of zinc-bearing middlings. The METSIM models of fuming process for zinc slag from lead smelting and Waelz process for the charge, based on zinc residues of electro-lytic zinc operation, were developed by the authors and used for this analysis. Adaptation of models to the data of industrial processes made it possible to use them for the analysis of options to decrease energy consumption and CO₂ emission with changes in operating parameters of the studied processes. According to the model analysis, carbon consumption and CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere during zinc slag fuming can be decreased when the blast is heated and the O₂/C ratio is decreased, while oxygen enrichment of the blast is inefficient. During the Waelz pro-cessing of charge, based on zinc residues, the highest estimated effect in carbon energy resources saving is achieved by the use of additional oxygen blasting and heated air blasting with associat-ed decrease in air suction into the kiln from the atmosphere. Thus, the model analysis made it possible to compare and optimize various options to decrease the consumption of carbon energy resources and CO₂ emission into the atmosphere during processing of zinc-bearing middlings.

[RecyclingPoster3] Copper Smelter Dust Is a Promising Material for the Recovery of Nonferrous Metals by the Waelz Process
Dyubanov Valeriy. Grigorievich ¹ ; Pavel. Kozlov ² ; ¹Baykov Metallurgy & Materials Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; ²UMMC-Holding, Moscow, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 135 [Abstract]

Dust in gas cleaning systems in the process of blister copper production is a waste of class 2 hazard. The accumulation of copper smelter dust may cause significant damage to the environment in the places of their storage. This dust contains considerable contents of zinc, lead, tin, and copper, which makes its use for recovery of these elements possible. There are, however, a number of characteristics such as complex multicomponent composition and high content of halogens. These physicochemical properties of the copper smelter dusts of FL PPM AO Uralelectromed (Russia) and PO Balkhashtsvetmet (Kazakhstan) were studied using chemical, X-ray phase, and electron microscopy methods. In both dust samples, the presence of lead in the form of sulfate and sulfide, of zinc in the form of orthostannate, and of ferrite, sulfide and copper in the form of chalcopyrite was identified. To obtain the intermediate products for the production of zinc, lead, tin and copper in the industrial processing of the copper smelter, dust can be most effectively carried out by the proposed process flowsheet with one pyrometallurgical treatment in a Waelz furnace with further leaching steps.

[RecyclingPoster4] Skull Formation in Fluid-Bed Furnaces during Fine Sulphide Zinc Concentrates' Calcination
Pavel. Kozlov ¹ ; Vladimir. Terentev ² ; ¹UMMC-Holding, Moscow, Russian Federation; ²Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 136 [Abstract]

Provision of a stable and regulated process is an urgent task during the processing of sulphide zinc concentrates with different chemical and particle size composition in fluid-bed furnaces. This problem is solved by choosing temperature conditions of roasting, and calculation of the charge composition as a mixture of various zinc concentrates. The current trend in the change of zinc concentrates’ grain-size composition (average particle size decrease) and the increase of impurities of iron, lead, copper, and silica contained in them determines the necessity of the studies on the concentrates sintering ability during calcination, which is undesirable for the process in fluid-bed furnace. The article considers the effect of particle size composition on the probability of agglomerative sinter formation during calcination and the effect of impurities in the concentrates on the strength of the received sinters. The threshold particle size of the concentrates (100 µm) was defined. If the threshold particle is less than 100 µm, then agglomerative sinter is formed in the process of roasting. In the roasting process of different concentrates with fixed values of particle size, temperature and time agglomerative sinters with different mechanical strength were obtained. Dependence of the sinter strength on the iron content in the concentrate from 20 kPa at 1.43 % Fe to 540 kPa at 14.85% Fe was determined. Changes were made in the process of calculation and charge preparation for calcination in fluidized bed furnaces. Changes were also applied to the furnace design on the basis of current and previous researches. These changes made the prevention of adverse effects of the foregoing factors possible and ensured stable technology management.

[RecyclingPoster5] Skull Formation in Rotary Kilns During Processing of Various Types of Oxidized Raw Materials
Pavel. Kozlov ¹ ; ¹UMMC-Holding, Moscow, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 138 [Abstract]

Formation of skulls is one of the main disadvantages of the processes carried out in rotary kilns (productivity decrease, process chemistry violation). Analysis of the skull formation process reveals the main causes of their growth: -chemical composition of charge mixture (containing slag-forming compounds: CaO, SiO2, FeO); -kiln rotation speed; -feed material quantity; -temperature conditions; -grain size composition of charge mixture. Setting operating conditions of rotary kiln in accordance with charge material composition makes it possible to avoid skull formation. At the same time it is necessary to make the skull-formation in kiln as a means of the furnace refractory protection from chemical and thermal “corrosion”. It is possible to solve the problem of the furnace operation without any skulls and refractory time facing more than 12 months by operating rotary kiln in variable silica ratio mode: - Period 1, silicate unit (C/S) – 0,4 – 0,6 (skull is not formed). Duration is 2-4 days. Skull is removed if the furnace operation is more than 4 days; - Period 2, silicate unit (C/S) – 1,4 – 1,6 (skull is formed). Duration is 1 day. Skull can be increased if the furnace operation is more than a day. Provision of operation mode requires the variable silicate module: - installation of thermal imager, controlling the furnace body temperature, which allows to estimate the skull thickness; - repeating the furnace operation with the silicate module 1,4 - 1,6.

[RecyclingPoster6] Mastering of Technology of Waelz-Oxide Calcination in Rotary Furnace
A.. Panshin ¹ ; Sergey. Yakornov ² ; Pavel. Kozlov ³ ; ¹LLC "UMMC-Holding", Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russian Federation; ²LLC "UMMC-Holding", Verkhnya Pyshma, Russian Federation; ³UMMC-Holding, Moscow, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 139 [Abstract]

This article gives the results of the mastering of the technology of Waelz oxide calcinations in rotary furnaces in the Chelyabinsk Zinc plant. A flow hardware diagram is shown together with calcinations process modes. Waelz oxide calcinations technology includes the following measures: pelletizing of powdered oxide into pellets, calcinations in pipe furnaces, pellet cooling, milling of calcined oxide in ball-rod mill, gas cooling, and cleaning with secondary fumes' recovering. Calcined products are prepared to be leached, while secondary fumes are washed with sodium carbonate and water from chlorine and fluorine. Calcination is carried out in oxidizing the atmosphere at the temperature of 900-1100C for efficient removal of halides and oxidation of iron (II), arsenic, and metal sulfides. Residence time of the material in high temperature zones is not less than 2 -3 hours. The calcinations technology, mastered in the Chelyabinsk Zinc plant, allows the carrying out the following measures: - Removal of Waelz oxide halides (up to a residual content of Cl-0.06% and F-0.01%); - Oxidation of Fe (II) and As, reduced their passing into solution during Waelz oxide leaching; - Increase of solubility of zinc (up to 91%) and cadmium (80%) in Waelz oxide, simplifying its leaching technology and reducing metal loss; - Reduction of material amount approximately by 2 times, increasing the leaching flowsheet productivity. As a result of the calcinations technology, the shop processing Waelz oxide efficiency was increased by 33-36%. The wash water volume is 15-20 times lower during secondary fumes washing than during Waelz oxide washing, and the obtained solution is suitable for concentration and evaporation.

[RecyclingPoster7] Improvement of Processes of Indium Extraction from Zinc Production Sulphate Solutions Using Mixing-Setting Extraction Equipment
Oleg. Belyakov ¹ ; A.. Panshin ² ; Pavel. Kozlov ³ ; ¹Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; ²LLC "UMMC-Holding", Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russian Federation; ³UMMC-Holding, Moscow, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 140 [Abstract]

The Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology (Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) designed new "mixer-settler" type of extractor ESOT - 1.0 -15.0 (poly-propylene) and ESOT -0.8-5.5 (polyethylene with titan turbine type mixers). In 2013, these extractors were installed and tested in the indium extraction department of the hydrometallurgical shop of the Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant. The modernized extraction unit is a cascade of three extractions (ESOT - 1.0 - 15.0) and six re-extractions (ESOT - 0.8 -5.5) which are sequentially connected blocks. Production capacity of the unit is 15m³/h of solution, counted as total volume of both phases. Extractor ESOT - 1.0 - 15.0 is designed for indium extraction from sulphate-chloride acid solutions in raised temperatures (about 600°C) with a wide productive capacity range (max.15 m³/h of solution as total volume of phases). Extractor ESOT - 0.8 -5.5 is designed for the processes of indium re-extraction and extracting agent washing. Its production capacity does not exceed 5 m³/h of solution, counted as total volume of phases. Application of the units ESOT - 1.0 - 15 and ESOT - 0.8 - 5.5 made it possible to carry out the following measurements: - Efficient extraction in a wide range of the unit productive capacity (3-8 m³/h) of water phase with organic to water phases ratio of 1:3 (not counting recirculation of organic phase); - Minimization of bilateral carry-over of water and organic phases (organic phase carry-over with raffinate was 0.2-0.5%, while water phase carry-over, saturated with extracting agent, was less than 0.3%); - Minimization of indium loss with raffinate (to 6-7 mg/l with productivity 5 - 7.5 m3/h of water phase); - Ensuring the reliable performance of the extraction unit with higher silica acid concentration in the initial solution (to 0.4 g/dm3); - Consumption decrease on the unit production (cost decrease of basic materials by more than 10 times); - Maintenance simplification and extraction unit repair.

[RecyclingPoster8] Research and Development of Hydrometallurgical Processing Stage in Copper Industry Wastes'Recycling Technology with Tin Recovery into Tin Concentrate
Viktor. Shumskiy ¹ ; Pavel. Kozlov ² ; A.. Panshin ³ ; Dmitriy. Ivakin ⁴ ; ¹VNIItsvetmet, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan; ²UMMC-Holding, Moscow, Russian Federation; ³LLC "UMMC-Holding", Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russian Federation; ⁴Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 141 [Abstract]

The Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant developed the technology of processing of zinc-, lead- and tin-containing copper industry dusts, including the following stages: -Pyrometallurgical stage: calcinations with addition of sulphidizer, flux and reducing agent to the product, where lead is removed from the product with transfer in processed sublimates, while zinc and tin stay in cinders; - Hydrometallurgical stage: high-temperature leaching of cinder, where zinc, iron, copper, etc. are extracted in solution during the obtainment of tin-concentrating solid residue. Here we consider the hydrometallurgical stage of obtaining of tin-containing concentrate from cinder with low content of lead (less than 1%). Here is shown the low extraction of zinc in solution and absence of selective separation of tin and lead with acid sulfuric-acid dust leaching without application of the pyrometallurgical stage. There-stage leaching (similar to the technology of hydrometallurgical processing of Waelz-oxides, existing in Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant) and one-stage high-temperature leaching were researched for obtaining cinder. Three-stage product leaching is low-efficient, because it requires a lot of equipment and does not provide the required concentration of tin in solid residue. About 98% of zinc contained in cinder, and more than 95% or copper and iron is transferred in solution during the high-temperature product leaching by waste zinc electrolytes with addition of sulfuric acid (t= 80-90°C, concentration of H₂/SO₄ is 160-170g/dm³). The obtained solution is required for application in the technological cycle of the zinc plant. Solid residue contains 14-21% of tin, which allows its use at tin enterprises.

[RecyclingPoster9] Development and testing of industrial technology of lead cake carbonization
Elena. Golubeva ¹ ; Pavel. Kozlov ² ; Sergey. Yakornov ³ ; ¹Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; ²UMMC-Holding, Moscow, Russian Federation; ³LLC "UMMC-Holding", Verkhnya Pyshma, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 143 [Abstract]

Raw materials containing zinc, processed at the Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant, has considerable content of lead. According to the Plant technology, lead is recovered in a lead cake (40-45% of Pb)-solid residue from Waelz-oxide leaching. Lead is contained in cake in sulfate form. Application of PbCO₃, containing raw materials in lead production allows to decrease the flux consumption, and yields dump slags and SO₂ discharges with gases during smelting in short-drum furnaces. Carbonization of lead can be carried out by processing the sulfate zinc cake by using a hot solution of Na₂ CO₃. It is reasonable to carry out the lead cake carbonization in hydrometallurgical production conditions. For the purpose of the mastering of carbonization of the whole amount of obtained lead cakes in the Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant, the laboratory carried out experimental-industrial testing with definition of optimal carbonization modes. Analysis of the product obtained during testing has shown that it contains 76% of PbCO₃ and 11% of complex hydrocarbonate of lead and sodium. For the purpose of obtaining a required quality marketable product (40% of Pb, 9% of Zn, 2% of Na, and 4% of S), the following measures are required: maximal extraction of Zn in solution on the stages of Waelz-oxide leaching, preliminary washing of sulfate cake from acid and water-soluble sulfates, and the washing of carbonized product from Na2SO4. On the basis of experimental results, the the technological and apparatus scheme of the process was developed.

[RecyclingPoster10] Technology of Waste Water Purification with Extraction of Valuable Components and Implementation of Closed-Loop Water Circulation System
Oxana. Fatkhutdinova ¹ ; A.. Panshin ² ; Pavel. Kozlov ³ ; ¹Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; ²LLC "UMMC-Holding", Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russian Federation; ³UMMC-Holding, Moscow, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 145 [Abstract]

This paper discusses the results of the research carried out on the pilot zinc production wastewater treatment unit. The first stage of the pilot trials is chemical treatment of wastewaters (using reagents) and their concentration on the reverse osmosis unit. Deficiency of sulphurous zinc materials shows the need to engage recycled material in processing. During the recycling process, secondary raw materials are cleaned from impurities derived by sewage. Chlorides, sulfates and sodium fluorides are the main impurities removed by sewage. Standard limestone technology of wastewater treatment doesn't allow the possibility to remove the foregoing soluble impurities from the wastewaters. Return of wastewaters to the process isn't possible due to the harmful effect of sulphates, chloride, and fluoride on the process of zinc extraction. Developed technology of the wastewater treatment allows use of the purified water in industrial production and directs the concentrate acquired from reverse osmosis to evaporation. Optimal conditions and parameters of the following processes are defined: - Chemical treatment of wastewater (adding reagents): рН = 11.3-11.6; residual hardness-less than 1.0 meq/l; heavy metals precipitation degree comprises 93-98.9%; - Ultrafiltration: transmembrane pressure - 0.6 bar, partition coefficient - 85%; filtration rate - 375 l/m²h; filtrate turbidity - 0,6 NTU; - Reverse osmosis: concentration of soluble salts using two-stage reverse osmosis (in the concentrate) is 2.27 mg/dm3 (at pressure on the 1st stage is 48-52 bar, on the 2nd _ 60-64 bar), total concentration of salts in the permeate is 27.4 mg/dm³

[RecyclingPoster11] Electrolytic Lead Obtaining from Secondary Materials
Pavel. Arkhipov ¹ ; Yuriy. Zaikov ² ; Yuliya. Khalimullina ² ; Anna. Kholkina ³ ; Alexei. Potapov ⁴ ; ¹Institute of high temperature electrochemistry of the Ural branch of the Russian academy of sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation; ²Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry of the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation; ³Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Division, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation; ⁴Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 320 [Abstract]

Lead is one of the metals that are included into the material production area multiple times because its losses during industrial operations are minimal. That is why the fraction of secondary lead in overall lead production is high. The secondary lead production in the world amounted 55.8 % of the overall amount of produced metal [1, 2].Development of the nuclear industry requires an increased amount of production of pure lead and Pb-Bi alloys of desired composition to be used as liquid metal heat carriers [3]. To obtain pure metallic lead from secondary materials, the method of electrochemical reduction of metallic lead from chloride melts was used [4]. The equilibrium potentials of the pseudo-binary liquid metal Pb-SbBi system was measured in the KCl-PbCl melt in the temperature region of 723–893 K. The thermodynamic characteristics of the Pb-SbBiij system in the liquid state were calculated [5]. To develop the technology of the electrolytic lead obtained in molten chloride systems, it is important to understand the mechanism of the processes that take place in the liquid metal electrodes. There is a lack of information on the liquid metal electrode solubility in the Bi-Sb-Pb alloys in the KCl-PbCl melt. The anode dissolution of alloys was studied by the current cut-off from the stationary conditions in the galvanostatic regime using a galvanostate–potentiostate IPC-Pro. The influence of the liquid metal bismuth-antimony-lead systems on the anode polarization in the molten lead and potassium chloride mixtures is established. According to the form of the concentration dependence of polarization curves, we assumed that the anode process in the liquid metal alloys in the KCl-PbCl₂ (50-50 mol. %) melt has a diffusion character. The parameters of electrochemical lead obtained from secondary materials were determined.

[RecyclingPoster12] Sulfobacillus Thermo Sulfidooxidans Electron Uptake from Cu-Fe Based p Electron Surface-Donors Probed by Raman and FTIR Spectroscopies
Marios. Papageorgiou ¹ ; Charalampos. Tselios ² ; Constantinos. Varotsis ³ ; ¹Cyprus University of Technology, Nicosia, Cyprus; ²Cyprus University of technology, Limassol, Cyprus; ³Cyprus university of technology, limassol, Cyprus;
Paper Id: 236 [Abstract]

We will present the Raman microspectroscopic detection of bornite [Cu₅FeS₄] -, chalcocite [Cu₂S] -, and covelitte [CuS] - bacterial interactions by <i>Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans</i>. The absorption signals of amide I, K⁺-jarosite [KFe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆] and of the produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from <i>Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans</i> as a function of position on the surfaces of the bioleached bornite, chalcocite and covellite demonstrated their heterogeneity within the surface of the minerals. We will present a direct contact mechanism for the bioleaching of bornite [Cu₅FeS₄] -, chalcocite [Cu₂S] -, and covelitte [CuS]. [1-2]<br />Raman data were collected by a LabRAM from HORIBA Jobin Yvon equipped with a CCD detector. It is equipped with an Olympus BX41 microscope 50x. The 441.1 nm excitation laser beam was provided by a Helium-Cadmium laser. The laser power incident on the sample was 20 mW and the accumulation time 15-20 min for each spectrum.<br /> <br />We report for the first time the v(Cu-S) of bornite and chalcocite which are intermediates in the bioleaching of chalcopyrite and the bioleaching behavior of bornite, chalcocite and covellite with the bacteria <i>Sulfobacillus thermo sulfidooxidans</i> by Raman microspectroscopy and compare it with that previously reported for chalcopyrite. [3-4]

SESSION:LawsPoster	McNeil International Symposium on Laws and their Applications for Sustainable Development
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	23-27 Oct, 2019

[LawsPoster1] When the unforeseeable should have been predicted: Known unknowns and unknown unknowns in commerce
Robert. Hunter ¹ ; ¹City Disabilities, London, United Kingdom;
Paper Id: 382 [Abstract]

What has been learned about the kind of risks that many of us are not wired to predict and the kind of people who are most and least suited to predict them? Are there hidden features common to disasters and can we recognise them in advance in order to protect ourselves and our companies better? The last few decades have seen the development and application of chaos theory to areas as diverse as the stock market and epidemiology. Has this advanced our understanding of disasters, or has it simply confirmed that we can never understand them? The lecture will draw from a number of different fields, including economics, aviation, mathematics and the nuclear power industry.

SESSION:MiningPoster	Parameswaran International Symposium on Sustainable Mining and Smelting Operations (6th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Mining Operations)
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	23-27 Oct, 2019

[MiningPoster1] Automatic Monitoring and Early Warning System for Surrounding Rock Deformation in Underground Roadway
Shufu. Yao ¹ ; Weijian. Yu ² ; Jiang. Zhang ² ; ¹, XiangTan, China; ²Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China;
Paper Id: 47 [Abstract]

The underground coal mine operating environment is harsh, and mine accidents occur frequently. The automation of underground safety and production management is an important technical way for coal mine enterprises to achieve safe operation and improve production efficiency. [1] The mine roadway not only undertakes the transportation channel for daily production, but also the main escape route for the staff in emergency situations. Therefore, the environmental monitoring of the main roadway of the mine is the basis for ensuring production and safety. [2] At present, the monitoring of roadway deformation mainly adopts manual measurement [3]. This method cannot achieve real-time continuous monitoring and early warning purposes. The automatic transmission and long-distance communication functions especially cannot be realized. Therefore, according to the characteristics of roadway deformation and domestic application, an automatic monitoring and early warning system for surrounding rock deformation of underground mine roadway was developed. The monitoring system collects monitoring data through a series of sensors and passes the microprocessor and RS485 bus. When a dangerous situation is found, the computer will send an AT command to the GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) module according to the set procedure. After receiving the command, the GPRS module will send an alarm message to the set mobile phone. The monitoring system accomplishes the continuous real-time monitoring of the deformation speed of the surrounding rock of the roadway. The data transmission distance is long, the operation is simple, and the single monitoring station is small in size and light in weight, which is particularly suitable for deformation monitoring of various mine roadway projects.

SESSION:ChemistryPoster	Tressaud International Symposium on Solid State Chemistry for Applications and Sustainable Development
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	23-27 Oct, 2019

[ChemistryPoster1] High-power and high-energy Cu-substituted LixNi0.88-yCoyMn0.1Cu0.02O2 cathode material for Li-ion batterie
Anna. Milewska ¹ ; Janina. Molenda ² ; Michal. Rybski ¹ ; Li. Lu ³ ; Janusz. Tobola ¹ ; ¹AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland; ²AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Kraków, Poland; ³National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore;
Paper Id: 380 [Abstract]

Li-ion batteries have dominated the energy storage device market and are widely used in portable electronic devices as well as hybrid and electric vehicles (HEV, EV). Unfortunately, the world’s limited resources of lithium and its growing prices have made it necessary to conduct intensive research aimed at improving the materials used in lithium batteries and obtaining cells with better parameters, i.e. higher energy and power densities. In the previous work, we presented the results of electronic structure calculations performed for LixNi0.9−yCoyMn0.1O2 [1]. In this work, we expand on our previous analysis by considering the additional influence of copper atoms on electronic structure – especially with regard to the modification of density of states in the vicinity of the Fermi energy (EF). This paper discusses both practical and theoretical aspects of operation of Li-ion cells, presents the results of structural, transport and electrochemical properties of Cu-substituted cathode materials from a group of LiNi0.9-y-zCoyMn0.1CuzO2 mixed oxides, supported by electronic structure calculations performed using KKR-CPA method (Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method with the coherent potential approximation (CPA) to account for chemical disorder [2, 3]). The presented data show that copper has a beneficial effect on electronic transport properties, lithium diffusion and cathodes performance. Battery on the base on the developed LiNi0.88-yCoyMn0.1Cu0.02O2 cathode materials is characterized by high voltage, high capacity and high rate capability, which guarantees high energy and power densities. The correlation between the results of electronic structure calculations, the transport properties and electrochemical behaviour of LixNi0.58Co0.3Mn0.1Cu0.02O2-δ cathode is shown. The project was funded by the National Science Centre Poland (NCN) under the “OPUS 12” programme on the basis of the decision number UMO- 2016/23/B/ST8/00199 and AGH University research grant no. 16.16.210.476. This work was carried out using infrastructure of the Laboratory of Materials for Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage, Centre of Energy AGH.

SESSION:AdvancedMaterialsPoster	5th Intl. Symp. on New and Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	23-27 Oct, 2019

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster1] Comparison of Electrodialysis Operational Modes to Remove Coexisting Ions from a Phosphate Containing Solution at Overlimiting Conditions
Eduardo Henrique. Rotta ¹ ; Luciano. Marder ¹ ; Marco Antonio. Siqueira Rodrigues ² ; Andrea. Moura Bernardes ¹ ; Salatiel. Wohlmuth Da Silva ³ ; ¹UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; ²FEEVALE, Porto Alegre, Brazil; ³Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil;
Paper Id: 67 [Abstract]

Phosphorus (P) is a main element to all life forms with no synthesizable chemical or technological substitute. The already reported depletion of phosphate rock [1], together with the eutrophication problem caused by excessive loads of phosphate in water bodies [2], encourage the development of technologies that promote the recovery of this nutrient from alternative sources, such as municipal wastewater (MW). One of the most studied techniques to recover phosphate from MW is precipitation/crystallization, but it is limited by the initial nutrient concentration and the presence of coexisting ions [3]. Electrodialysis (ED), a membrane-based process that uses an electric field as the driven force, may be viable to overcome these limitations [4,5]. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to compare an ED system operating on galvanostatic and potentiostatic operational modes to remove/separate coexisting ions, such as sulfate and sodium, from phosphate ions of an already concentrated P-containing solution. Thus, we expect to obtain a solution in the concentrated compartment containing sodium and sulfate ions, and a solution retaining the phosphate ions in the diluted compartment. The experiments were carried out in a 5-compartment ED cell with Chinese heterogeneous ion-exchange membranes alternately arranged. In the potentiostatic operational mode, with an imposed potential value of 34.0 V, it was reported an average percent extraction for sodium, sulfate and phosphate ions of 99.5 %, 93.6 % and 33.8 %, respectively. For the galvanostatic operational mode, with an applied current density of 25.0 mA cm-2 (125 % of the limiting current density), the respectively average percent extraction observed for sodium, sulfate and phosphate ions was 97.7 %, 94.2 % and 18.7 %. It can be noted that both methods of operation presented a similar removal of sodium and sulfate ions, but more phosphate ions are transferred to the concentrated compartment in the potentiostatic mode compared to the galvanostatic one, which is an unwanted behavior. In this bias, it can be concluded that operating the ED system in a constant current density is a more suitable condition to achieve the objective of the study.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster2] Use of Cellulosic Fibres from Wood Pulp and Waste Paper for Sustainable Cement Based Mortars
Nadezda. Stevulova ¹ ; Viola. Hospodarova ¹ ; Vojtech. Vaclavik ² ; Tomas. Dvorsky ² ; ¹Technical University of Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia; ²VSB-Technical University in Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic;
Paper Id: 81 [Abstract]

Innovative building solutions for conserving non-renewable resources are connected to the development of sustainable building materials based on the use of easily renewable natural raw material resources, as well as the recycling of biomass wastes coming from textile, agricultural and paper industry. There is a renewed tradition that has been developed in Europe in light of environmentally sustainable policies to utilize the natural lignocelluloses' materials (usually derived from plants) and recycled cellulosic fibres as organic fillers and/or reinforcement into lightweight composite materials for sustainable constructions [1]. These provide healthy living solutions, thanks to the natural fibres' ability to regulate humidity inside buildings by absorbing and/or releasing water molecules, depending on the air conditions [2]. <br />In connection with our research program on the properties and characterizations of different cellulosic fibre types and their incorporation into the cementitious matrix [3-5], the objective of this paper was to evaluate the application potential of low quality cellulosic fibres originating from waste paper in comparison to the bleached wood pulp with high cellulose content in making cement-plastering mortars. The influence of the quality of such fibres and their addition (0.1-0.5 wt. % from the binder and filler weight) on resulting properties of fresh cement mortars (consistency of fresh mixture) and mortar specimens (density, thermal conductivity, and compressive and flexural strength) after curing (28, 90 and 180 days) was investigated. The results revealed that the flow values of fresh fibre cement mixtures as well as the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties (compressive and flexural strength) of hardened mortars are affected by the cellulosic fibres (content and quality). Despite the worse workability of fresh mixtures and significantly reduced values of compressive and flexural strength of hardened fibre-cement specimens, with the addition of both fibre kinds compared to reference cement mixture and mortar due to inhibition of the cement hydration process, increasing addition of cellulosic fibres in the mixture led to favourable values of thermal conductivity which are beneficial for cement mortars with insulating properties. The obtained compressive strengths of 28 days of cured fibre-cement mortars are in the accepted range for plastering mortars. The results of comparative testing of fibre-cement mortar properties confirmed the suitability of the use of recycled fibres in building materials.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster3] Development of New Multicolor-Exciplex Emitters Utilizing Diphenylsulfone/Ditolylsulfone and Phenothiazine/Phenoxathiine/Xanthene Moieties for White Electroluminescent Devices
Dmytro. Volyniuk ¹ ; Xiaofeng. Tan ¹ ; Jurate. Simokaitiene ¹ ; Audrius. Bucinskas ¹ ; Tomas. Matulaitis ¹ ; Egle. Jatautiene ¹ ; Khrystyna. Ivaniuk ² ; Igor. Helzhynskyy ² ; Pavlo. Stakhira ² ; Juozas Vidas. Grazulevicius ¹ ; ¹Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania; ²Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine;
Paper Id: 88 [Abstract]

Exciplex-forming systems based on solid-state mixtures of electron donating and electron accepting compounds have a bright prospect to maximize the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) contribution. These systems can also achieve 100 % of theoretical internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) [1, 2]. Recently, a unique application of donor-acceptor (D-A) compounds as versatile exciplex-forming materials for simplified non-doped white organic light-emitting devices was proposed [3]. Maximum external quantum efficiency of these devices, however, did not exceed 3.15 %. The aim of this study was to design versatile exciplex-forming materials with improved triplet energies, charge transport, and HOMO and LUMO energy levels. This is to allow for hole and electron injection required for highly efficient white electroluminescent devices, for phenoxathiine and xanthene as donors, and for six new D-A compounds based on diphenylsulfone and ditolylsulfone as acceptors and phenothiazines. To study the potential of these compounds as versatile exciplex-forming materials, their absorption, emission spectra, excited state lifetimes and singlet-triplet energy gaps were measured for characterization of photophysical propertie. Meanwhile, cyclic voltammetry, thermogravimetric analysis, as well as differential scanning calorimetry measurements were performed for probing of electrochemical and thermal properties. Photoelectron emission spectrometry was used for characterization of charge-injection properties of the studied compounds in their solid state. Time-of-flight measurements were used for estimation of charge-transporting properties. The results obtained are discussed with the support of theoretical calculations. Two compounds showed ability to form blue and orange exciplexes in solid-state mixtures with tris(4-carbazolyl-9-ylphenyl)amine or 4”-tris[phenyl(m-tolyl)amino]triphenylamine, respectively. For blue and orange monochromatic OLEDs prepared using the best TADF exciplex-forming materials, maximum external quantum efficiencies of 10% and 12% were achieved, respectively. An approach exploiting the structure of blue exciplex/spacer/orange exciplex was developed for white all-exciplex based electroluminescence, reaching maximum external quantum efficiency of 10 %. This research was funded by the European Regional Development Fund according to the supported activity "Research Projects Implemented by World-class Researcher Groups’ under Measure No. 01.2.2-LMT-K-718.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster4] Sustainable Synthesis of Bristle-Glass-Shaped Copper Particles and Successive Silver Plating Process
Jong-hyun. Lee ¹ ; Eun Byeol. Choi ¹ ; ¹Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea;
Paper Id: 101 [Abstract]

Metal dendrite powders have received much attention owing to their unique physical and chemical properties. These particles have attractive nanostructures with large surface areas similar to nano-sized materials, despite being in the form of micro-sized particles that are easy to handle. In particular, Cu particles have been widely studied and used in many applications because of their conductive, catalytic, and optical properties. Moreover, Ag-coated Cu particles can be considered as an alternative for Ag particles because they provide equivalent conductivity at a lower cost [1a��4]. Bristle-glass-shaped Cu particles were fabricated via a fast galvanic displacement reaction for 3a��5 min under ambient conditions by adding metal particles into an aqueous electrolyte without chloride ions. The obtained Cu particles have a small average size of 4.44 I�m and short, multiple branches were aggregates of nanoparticles formed on stem-like backbones. The synthesized Cu dendrites could be protected against oxidation during drying via post-treatment using chelating or complexing agents. This novel technique to prepare the modified dendrites is extremely simple and suitable for mass production. To obtain Ag-coated Cu particles, the synthesized Cu particles were successively coated with Ag via another galvanic displacement reaction by adding Ag plating solution into the Cu particle solution. The Ag coating was homogeneously performed with the selection of optimal Ag complex solution. The Ag-coated Cu particles induced the delay of oxidation initiation temperature from 150 to 178 ^oC during the dynamic heating to 500 ^oC in air. The metallic particles can be used as an anti-oxidation filler for conductive, electro-magnetic interference shielding, and metallic bonding materials.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster5] Corrosion Behaviour of the Cement Composites with the Incorporated Waste Materials
Adriana. Estokova ¹ ; Michaela. Smolakova ² ; Alena. Luptakova ³ ; ¹Institute of Environmental Engineering, Kosice, Slovakia; ²Technical University of Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia; ³Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovakia;
Paper Id: 108 [Abstract]

The durability of building materials is an important factor in extending their lifetime, which is one of the fundamental objectives for sustainable development in the construction industry. Although cement materials are considered to be relatively resistant, there are still a number of chemical, physical or biological agents that can disrupt their structure and even their functionality. In recent times, it has been a trend to use waste materials or by-products from other industries to manufacture composites. The use of such admixtures or cement replacement fulfills two objectives of sustainable development: reduction of huge amounts of waste which would most likely end up in the landfill, and secondly, it improves the parameters of the final cementitious composites, due to e.g. pozzolanic reactions. This work deals with the study of resistance of cementitious composites with different proportions of selected waste like blast furnace slag in the range from 65 to 95% against sulphate bacterial corrosion. Long-term bacterial corrosion was simulated using the sulphur oxidising bacteria Acidithiobacilus. The resistance of samples exposed to bacteria has been studied by monitoring changes in compressive strength, porosity, absorbability, as well as leachability of the most important components of composites. SEM analysis was used to investigate surface changes and DSC / TG to study the content of hydrated products. Findings revealed that the composite with the blast furnace slag provided a better performance in aggressive bacterial environment. It was confirmed, however, that no linear correlation exists between the amount of the slag and the lower degradation changes. The sample with the 75 % of slag admixture proved the best performance regarding the resistivity against sulphate bio-corrosion.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster6] Resonance Raman investigation of the Reaction of Cytochrome c Oxidase NO2
Charalampos. Tselios ¹ ; Constantinos. Varotsis ² ; ¹Cyprus University of technology, Limassol, Cyprus; ²Cyprus university of technology, limassol, Cyprus;
Paper Id: 238 [Abstract]

The active center of cytochrome c oxidases is a binuclear center containing a heme and a copper atom. Both metal centers (heme Fe and CuB) may be involved in NO₂ coordination and reduction since bona fide reductases are either heme-containing or copper- containing enzymes.^1,2,3 We will present Raman experiments of the reaction of Cytochrome c oxidase with NO₂ to determine the metal where NO₂ coordinates the redox active center that provides the required electron for NO₂- reduction. The structural properties of the intermediates that are formed upon NO₂- reduction by CcO are described. Raman data was collected by a confocal LabRAM (HORIBA JobinYvon, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a CCD detector and a grating of 1800 grooves/mm. The 514.1 nm excitation beam was provided by a Coherent Sapphire laser.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster7] Magnesium-Based Hydride for Hydrogen Storage Improved by the Methods of Alloying, Nano-Sizing, Catalyzing and Compositing Prepared by Hydriding Combustion Synthesis plus Mechanical Milling
Liquan. Li ¹ ; Yunfeng. Zhu ¹ ; ¹Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China;
Paper Id: 284 [Abstract]

Magnesium-based hydride, which is a representative metal hydride, has been studied widely as the promising solid state hydrogen storage material due to its merits of light weight, high gravimetric (7.6 wt.%) and volumetric hydrogen storage capacity (110 g/L), low cost, abundant resource and environmental friendliness. However, the high working temperature and sluggish hydrogen sorption kinetics still restrict its practical application. To solve this problem, we have improved the hydrogen storage properties of magnesium-based hydride by the process of hydriding combustion synthesis plus mechanical milling and the methods of alloying, nano-sizing, catalyzing and compositing. In this report, we will introduce our recent progress of the enhancement in hydrogen storage properties of magnesium-based hydride. In particular, the magnesium-based hydride doped by various catalysts exhibits superior hydriding/dehydriding kinetics at lowered temperatures. Hybrid catalysts, such as bimetallic catalyst, carbon supported nano metal or metal oxide shows obvious effect on the hydrogen sorption kinetics of magnesium hydride. Synergistic catalytic effect between the catalyst components has been clarified. By adding carbon supported nano-nickel catalyst, the onset desorption temperature of MgH2 can be reduced to 187 °C, which is 113 °C lower than the as-milled MgH2. Our results also demonstrate the influence of shape and size of metal-based catalysts on the MgH2 system, which is helpful for designing nanostructured catalysts with ultra-fine particle size, well-formed distribution and high activity. Moreover, the novel Mg-Ni-hydride nanoparticles with ultrahigh structural stability and hydrogen storage activity derived from microencapsulated nanoconfinement have been presented.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster8] Protecting Flexible Polypyrrole Electrodes from the Detrimental Effects of Airborne Ammonia Molecules
Azin. Jafari ¹ ; Amir. Amini ² ; Faramarz. Hossein Babaei ³ ; ¹Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Technical and Engineering, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Teharan, Iran; ²Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Technical and Engineering, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Tehran, Iran; ³Electronic Materials Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 16315-1355, Iran, tehran, Iran;
Paper Id: 384 [Abstract]

Supercapacitors are the major energy providers in the varieties of biomedical and communication subsystems [1]. Polypyrrole, a well-known hole conducting polymer, has been proposed and used as bendable electrodes for different electrode applications [2]. Particularly, the material has been successfully utilized as electrodes in the flexible supercapacitors. With all the favorable features such as easy deposition, low cost, bendability, and versatility, the material has shortcomings, among which mediocre conductivity and chemical sensitivity [3] are major deterrents. The aim of the present research work is to simultaneously enhance conductivity and reduce the chemical sensitivity of the material via its alloying with other organic substances. Thin layers of polypyrrole with different compositions are formed via chemical polymerization method [4] on glass substrates with pre-deposited interdigitated gold electrodes. During polymerization surface-sensitized substrates are immersed in a 0.01 M solution of pyrrole monomer for a few minutes at 5 ℃. A 0.05 M solution of ammonium peroxodisulfate in deionized water is added as the oxidizing agent while continuously stirring. The process time is calibrated for achieving a polypyrrole thickness of 120 nm on the substrate. The alloying components, anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid sodium salt monohydrate-5-sulfosalicylic acid dehydrate and α-naphthalene sulfonic acid, are introduced as 0.5 M solution of the respective component to the polymerization reactor. The morphology of the produced layers are examined with plan view and cross-sectional FESEM. The surface quality of the samples is also examined with AFM. Conductivity measurements are carried out by forming diffusion bonded metallic contacts [5] to the double electrodes underneath the layer. These measurements are repeated in clean and ammonia-contaminated air atmospheres. The results indicate that alloying with α-NSA simultaneously increases the conductivity and decreases the pollution sensitivities of the polypyrrole layers. The electrical conductivity changes in polypyrrole layers due to the addition of AQSANa-SSCA and α-NSA are reported for the first time. These additives decrease the sensitivity to the pollutants examined.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster9] Peculiarities of internal friction and shear modulus in 60Co gamma-rays irradiated monocrystalline SiGe alloys
Ia. Kurashvili ¹ ; Giorgi. Darsavelidze ¹ ; Iasha. Tabatadze ² ; Giorgi. Chubinidze ² ; Tornike. Kimeridze ² ; ¹, Tbilisi, Georgia; ²Ilia Vekua Sukhumi Institute of Physics adn Technology, Tbilisi, Georgia;
Paper Id: 391 [Abstract]

At present a number of modern semiconductor devices based on SiGe alloys have been created in which the latest achievements of high technologies are used. These devices might cause significant changes to networking, computing, and space technology. In the nearest future new materials based on SiGe will be able to restrict the A³B⁵ and Si technologies and firmly establish themselves in medium frequency electronics. Effective realization of these prospects requires the solution of prediction and controlling of structural state and dynamical physical –mechanical properties of new SiGe materials. <br />Based on these circumstances, a complex investigation of structural defects and structural-sensitive dynamic mechanical characteristics of SiGe alloys under different external impacts (deformation, radiation, thermal cycling) acquires great importance. <br />The investigation of defects in SiGe alloys’ bulk crystals might be successfully carried out by the IF method, which is distinguished by high sensitivity to the mechanical stress field formed in the vicinity of crystalline lattice defects. It makes possible to effectively identify defects of SiGe alloys bulk crystals, to establish mechanisms of their influence on the structural sensitive physical-mechanical and electrophysical properties. Such research will help to solve the problem of creating highly efficient semiconductor structures and devices with controllable parameters based on SiGe alloys.<br />The contribution of a dislocation structure in relaxation and hysteretic processes of torsion oscillations damping in SiGe alloys’ bulk crystals has been studied [1-3]. Decrease of the activation characteristics of relaxation processes of dislocation origin is shown by influence of a relatively small content of Ge (1-3 at%). Reduction by ~15 % in the microplastic deformation characteristics has been revealed at 600-650 ⁰C temperatures in Si_1-xGe_x (x≤0.02) alloys containing dislocations of 10⁴-10⁵cm^-2 densities [1]. An additional reduction of IF activation characteristics has been revealed in Si_1-xGe_x(x≤0.01) alloys doped with As or B of 10^18-10²⁰ cm³ concentration [4]. SiGe alloys are characterized by different types of dislocations with distinctly different energetic and dynamic parameters [5]-[7]. This conditions the formation of complex IF spectra related to the moving dislocations. <br />Relaxation maximum with activation energy ~1.4 eV was revealed at 280 °C temperature at ~1 Hz frequency in IF spectrum of p-type monocrystalline Si_0.98Ge_0.02 irradiated by gamma rays. Its relation to the radiation-induced vacancy-oxygen complexes is supposed [3]. <br />In the present work internal friction and shear modulus temperature and amplitude dependences of the monocrystalline boron-doped Si_1-xGe_x(x≤0.05) alloys grown by Czochralski technique is studied in initial and 60Co gamma-irradiated states. In the initial samples a set of dislocation origin relaxation processes and accompanying modulus defects are revealed in a temperature interval of 400-800⁰C. It is shown that after gamma-irradiation intensity of relaxation internal friction in the vicinity of 280 ⁰C increases and simultaneously activation parameters of high temperature relaxation processes reveal clear rising. It is proposed that these changes of dynamical mechanical characteristics might be caused by a decrease of the dislocation mobility in the Cottrell atmosphere enriched by the radiation defects.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster10] Sustainable development in the production of healthy vegetable snacks preserved by freeze-drying
Agnieszka. Ciurzyńska ¹ ; Monika. Janowicz ² ; Weronika. Marczak ² ; ¹Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland; ²Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland;
Paper Id: 401 [Abstract]

The principles of sustainable development in the food industry include general access to food that is safe, affordable and nutrient-rich, and aims to minimize energy consumption, avoid waste and loss of food ingredients throughout the supply chain, and reuse them if possible [1]. Waste of the fruit and vegetable industry is a significant environmental problem. Particularly noteworthy are vegetables, which were rejected in the production process due to unacceptable color, shape or mechanical damage. Most of this type of waste is characterized by high nutritional value, which is worth using when designing new products. An unconventional solution is to obtain vegetable gels that after freeze-drying may become one of the meals or supplement the meal taking the form of a bar [2, 3]. The aim of this work was to develop a three-layer freeze-dried vegetable snacks in the form of bar based on unused during proper production of frozen vegetables. Presented research are the stage of the project BIOSTRATEG 3/343817/17/NCBR/2018 “Development of healthy food production technologies taking into consideration nutritious food waste management and carbon footprint calculation methodology”. Sodium alginate, and a mixture of xanthan gum and locust bean gum were used for the formulation of vegetable gels with carrot, potato, cauliflower, corn, broccoli, green and yellow bean, pepper, chives, dill. Vegetable gels were frozen (–40 °C/2) and freeze-dried (30 °C/63 Pa/72 h). The physical properties of freeze–dried bars included determination of: dry matter content, porosity, shrinkage and compression force. The studies showed that obtaining freeze-dried vegetable snacks based on frozen vegetables not used during the proper production of frozen foods is possible and seems to be very promising considering the growing public awareness of healthy eating. It was shown that more important for physical properties of freeze-dried vegetable gels was hydrocolloid type than vegetables type. Snacks with a mixture of hydrocolloids contained more dry matter content, regardless of the proportion of individual vegetables compared to their counterparts with sodium alginate. The shrinkage of snacks with alginate was significantly larger. The porosity of the lyophilized gels was on the level of 89.06 to 91.82%. Snacks with sodium alginate had a larger number of fine pores, which resulted in a higher porosity and higher compression force when compared to samples with a hydrocolloid mixture.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster11] Development of a technology for the production of vegetable bars based on hydrocolloid gels obtained from frozen vegetables in the aspect of sustainable development
Monika. Janowicz ¹ ; Agnieszka. Ciurzyńska ² ; Andrzej. Lenart ² ; ¹Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; ²Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland;
Paper Id: 402 [Abstract]

To evaluate the influence of production and distribution of food on the environment we can use the so-called a carbon footprint (CF), which is also known as a footprint. However, an ecological evaluation of particular phases and food production processes through the CF indicator, are extremely difficult due to a variety of assortments, technological processes, and complexity of environmental impact. The most important aspect in shaping a carbon footprint for an agriculture and food sector is energy consumption for production needs, transportation of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products, as well as the type of packaging used [1, 2]. The production of 1 kWh of electricity is associated with the release of about 1000 grams of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. About 50% of the overall greenhouse gas emission in the food sector comes from agricultural activities. Many developed countries label products to inform about the amount of carbon dioxide emission, which is emitted into the atmosphere. They use a sustainable development policy tool called CFP – Carbon Footprint of Product to draw the consumers’ attention to the issue concerning environmental protection [1]. The best method to preserve fruits and vegetables is freeze-drying. One of the ways of limiting the costs during freeze-drying is the use of production waste. The purpose of the work was to develop manufacturing technology of freeze-dried vegetable bars based on gels with hydrocolloids [3]. The scope of research included development of technology for the production barswith properly composed vegetable mixtures, assessment of the finished product properties (water activity, dry matter content, porosity, shrinkage, density, texture, colour, and organoleptic assessment), estimation energy consumption at the time of manufacturing the finished product in the aspect of sustainable development (CFP – Carbon Footprint of Products) [2, 3]. Presented research are the stage of the project BIOSTRATEG 3/343817/17/NCBR/2018 “Development of healthy food production technologies taking into consideration nutritious food waste management and carbon footprint calculation methodology”. The results of conducted research shown that production of freeze-dried vegetable bars to per unit of product, consummate of electric energy to 0.07 to 0.08 kWh per hour depending on the type of structuring substance used in the recipes of vegetable bars. It was also observed that the difference at the level of 24% in energy consumption is mainly related to the power consumption of the heating plate used for heating during the formation of hydrocolloid gels. There weren’t noticed any other differences in energy consumption during freeze-drying or blending of vegetable products based on gels. At the same time, the costs of freeze-drying account for 50% of electricity costs. The aim, of thorough energy consumption data analysis in the field of food production and freeze-dried products, is to observe the Carbon Footprint of Products of each unit process, which is a full production cycle. This analysis is a basis for defining the theoretical framework to calculate the carbon footprint, which will be the starting point for the method of calculating the carbon footprint in the developed technology.

SESSION:BatteryPoster	6th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Secondary Battery Manufacturing and Recycling
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	23-27 Oct, 2019

[BatteryPoster1] Nanostructured Metal Oxide based Interlayers for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
Teng. Zhao ¹ ; Vasant. Kumar ² ; ¹Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China; ²University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom;
Paper Id: 351 [Abstract]

High-energy lithium-sulfur batteries are now earmarked as a viable means to meet the ever-rising demands of large-scale utilities and long-range electric vehicles.¹ Their commercialization, however, has not come true yet due to the issues with the dissolution and diffusion of intermediate polysulfides in liquid organic electrolytes, which cause serious capacity degradation and low Coulombic efficiency. To solve these problems, a layer of material with a nano-architecture made from tiny metal oxides is placed on the surface of the sulfur cathode. This can trap fragments of the active material when they break off, keeping them electrochemically accessible and allowing the material to be reused. As a proof of concept, zinc oxides (ZnO) nanowire arrays are grown on three-dimensional (3D) nickel foam and are used as a nano-metal oxide based interlayer to enhance the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries². ZnO nanowires play a key role in chemically capturing polysulphides and remarkably mitigating capacity decay. After successful results, the foam was replaced by a lightweight carbon fibre mat to reduce the battery’s overall weight. Based on a similar design principle, a praline-like flexible interlayer consisting of titanium oxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles and carbon nanofibers allows the chemical adsorption of polysulfides to a robust conductive film. TiO₂ nanoparticles, serving as anchors, can chemically detect and intercept polysulfides in-situ³. The porous conductive carbon backbone helps in the physical absorption of polysulfides and provides redox reaction sites to allow the polysulfides to be reused. More importantly, it offers enough mechanical strength to support a high load TiO₂ nanoparticles (79 wt%) that maximizes their chemical role, and can accommodate the large volume changes. A significant enhancement in cycle stability and rate capability has been achieved by incorporating our interlayer with a sulfur/carbon nanotube composite cathode. These results herald a new approach to advanced lithium–sulfur batteries using nanostructured metal oxide based interlayers.

[BatteryPoster2] Structural evolution of solid-state Li2O2 with reduced charge overpotential in Li−O2 batteries
Guoqiang. Tan ¹ ; ¹Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China;
Paper Id: 360 [Abstract]

Reducing charge-discharge overpotential is helpful to enhance efficiency and cyclability of Li−O2 batteries. In a common non-aqueous Li−O2 cell, the overpotential is largely related to the formation and decomposition processes of solid-state Li2O2. Although several intrinsic properties of Li2O2 have been considered to contribute to the high overpotential, such as the low electrical conductivity, slow dynamics, large particle aggregations, and side-reaction products, et.al,1-4 a fundamental study of specific relationship between overpotential and electrochemical reactions associating with structural evolution of Li2O2 has yet to be undertaken. Besides, the underlying mechanism of the oxygen evolution reaction on charge remains less understood. To address the above problems, in this work, we proposed a Pt modification strategy to tune cathode architectural to optimize catalytic and electrical properties as well as electrode dynamics. We employed two different approaches of magnetron sputtering and thermal reduction to realize the Pt surface-coating and bulk-doping, respectively. Both could significantly reduce the charge overpotentials of Li−O2 cells with a higher performance from the bulk-doped catalyst. Meanwhile, systematic studies showed an unprecedented relevancy between overpotential and structural evolution of Li2O2, and the Pt nano-composition in the cathode was found to directly affect the formation and decomposition mechanism of Li2O2. Furthermore, we carried out the density functional theory calculations that provided molecular insights into the catalytic role of Pt and Pt3Co nanocrystals (resulting from surface-coating and bulk-coating, respectively) in reducing the charge overpotential. As a result, the nanoscale bulk-doping approach was demonstrated to be a promising strategy to address the insufficient catalytic and electrical properties and sluggish electrode dynamics of oxygen cathodes for Li−O2 batteries. The exclusive insight into structural evolution of Li2O2 with the reduced charge-discharge overpotential could afford favorable theoretical investigates for further explorations on cathode materials.

[BatteryPoster3] Recycling of discarded lithium ion batteries for recovery of cobalt and managnaese values
Nikhil. Dhawan ¹ ; ¹IIT-Roorkee, roorkee, India;
Paper Id: 426 [Abstract]

Lithium-ion batteries have a limited lifespan, ever-growing demand and adequate presence of critical metals such as lithium and cobalt make their recycling inevitable. In this study, discarded mixed mobile batteries were discharged, dismantled, and separated into cathode and anode sheets, followed by attritor crushing. The cathode material comprises LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4, while graphite is present in the anode material. The cathode material was indigenously reduced with purified graphite at different times and dosages. A statistical design is employed for optimization of reduction parameters and obtained magnetic fraction contains cobalt and manganese oxide whereas graphite and lithium carbonate were found in nonmagnetic fraction and dried solution. The composition, saturation magnetization and product phases obtained at optimum conditions (900 °C, 7.5 % graphite, 45 min and 800 °C, 7.5 % graphite, 45 min) are Co: ~80-84 %, Mn: 6~10 %, saturation magnetization:105-114 emu/g with Co, CoO and MnO phases, respectively.

SESSION:ManufacturingPoster	2nd Intl. Symp.on Advanced Manufacturing for Sustainable Development
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	23-27 Oct, 2019

[ManufacturingPoster1] Flexible Sensors via Laser Printing
Mihaela. Filipescu ¹ ; Alexandra. Palla Papavlu ² ; Anca. Bonciu ² ; Maria. Dinescu ¹ ; ¹National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele, Romania; ²National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, MAGURELE, Romania;
Paper Id: 214 [Abstract]

Recent progress in sensor and biosensor research and technology has lead to their integration in products designed for healthcare monitoring. This is due to their important properties such as reduced sizes, cost effective, lightweight, and high sensitivity. Recent estimates, however, show that the biosensor and electrochemical sensor market are dominated by glucose sensors. Therefore, there is a great need to expand the application of sensors and biosensors beyond glucose. Furthermore, taking into account the rapid development of society’s needs, concepts such as intelligent clothing and wearable devices receive increasing attention. In addition, new features such as portable, flexible, and real-time monitoring are becoming more and more important. In the last years, recent approaches are focused on wearable electrochemical sensors which can detect target analytes in saliva, tears, sweat, and interstitial fluid. The aim of this work is the development of an original flexible and wearable biosensor based on nanocomposite materials (polymers and graphene) fabricated by laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT). In particular, we focus on the synthesis of donor materials and the optimization of the LIFT process for obtaining reproducible pixels which are used as electrodes for the electrochemical biosensors. We printed different polymer:graphene nanocomposites onto flexible substrates (coated with an insulating layer, for ex. Parylene C, which prevents electrical contact with the body fluids). The biosensors fabricated by LIFT are used for the detection of heavy metals in human body fluids. Promising results, i.e. high sensitivity and detection limits, were obtained. This proves that LIFT may be used as an alternative method for printing nanoscale materials aimed at the fabrication of wearable sensors.

SESSION:MathematicsPoster	4th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Mathematics Applications
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	23-27 Oct, 2019

[MathematicsPoster1] Multiscale Discrete Models for Corrosion and Fatigue in Sustainable Metal Systems
Ramana. Pidaparti ¹ ; ¹University of Georgia, Athens, United States;
Paper Id: 160 [Abstract]

Structures made from high strength metal alloys (aluminum, steel, and titanium) are being used as structural/load bearing members in many areas including transportation, civil infrastructure, offshore structures, water distribution networks, and nuclear industries. Such systems operate in harsh and uncertain environments and exhibit a strong propensity to pitting and stress corrosion cracking. Pitting corrosion-fatigue is recognized to be one of the major potential degradation mechanisms in aging infrastructures [1-4], so much so that such a combination, when left unchecked, can lead to catastrophic failures. Although pits can initiate from both physical and chemical heterogeneities on the surface, the role of inclusions and second-phase particles (constituent particles) in inducing pitting/stress corrosion cracking in aluminum metal alloys is more common. Corrosion-fatigue in metal alloys generally involves the formation of pits, pit growth, nucleation of cracks from pits, and the eventual crack propagation to failure. Corrosion pits seem to significantly shorten the fatigue crack initiation, decrease the threshold stress intensity by 50% or more, and lower the fatigue strength by about 40%. Even though the corrosion and fatigue mechanisms have been studied well individually, the coupled effects of corrosion and fatigue have not been studied in detail [5]. With corrosion-fatigue being generally recognized by the structural integrity community as a potential cause for failure in many infrastructural structures and materials, and with replacement of such components being unlikely due to excessive costs, the need for predictive methodologies and models cannot be overstated. In order to continue operating structural systems worldwide in a reliable and sustainable manner, however, better prediction methods based on additional knowledge of the mechanisms associated with corrosion and fatigue are required. This, in turn, would also reduce repair and maintenance costs. Quantitative analysis through multiscale discrete models for corrosion through computational simulations and imaging data that correlates to pitting and cracking is being investigated. These analysis models will be presented and discussed at the conference.

SESSION:NanomaterialsPoster	6th Intl. Symp. on Synthesis and Properties of Nanomaterials for Future Energy Demands
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	23-27 Oct, 2019

[NanomaterialsPoster1] HIGH TEMPERATURE ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES
Hasbi. Kushkhov ¹ ; Marina. Ligidova ¹ ; Romina. Karatsukova ¹ ; Zhabagi. Ali ¹ ; Astemir. Hotov ¹ ; ¹Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nalchik, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 51 [Abstract]

The nanostructured materials on the basis of carbon have a complex of unique properties that allows their application to production of various mechanisms and devices in the modern equipment. One of the perspective methods of synthesis of carbon nanostructures is electrochemical synthesis in ionic melts at high temperatures. The possibility of synthesis of elementary carbon from the carbonate melts containing lithium carbonate was shown by the first author. In the second work, electrochemical decomposition of carbon dioxide in an equimolar KCl-NaCl melt under an excessive pressure of gas was shown. The electrochemical method of synthesis of carbon nanostructures was developed in 1995 by Hsu with support from coworkers. This method, in comparison with other methods of synthesis of carbon nanostructures, is possible in the condensed phase at rather low temperatures. In this work, scientific bases of electrochemical synthesis of nanostructures, on the basis of carbon in the melted mixes of carbonates of potassium, sodium and lithium, are presented. We studied the electroreduction process of carbonate ions on various electrode materials by methods of cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry. Cathode deposits consisted of C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanoparticles. They were received by Galvano static electrolysis of carbonate melts, under excess pressure of CO₂ up to 12-15 atmospheres in the range of the current density of 0.25÷2.0 A/cm² at 600-800°C temperature. The SEM methods include: the laser analyzer of the size of the particles, low-temperature adsorption of argon, carried out characterization of morphology, the size, and the specific surface of the synthesized nanostructures on the basis of carbon. This work is carried out with financial support of the RFFR, project 19-03-00606, and the project of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation 4.7481.2017

[NanomaterialsPoster2] The Thermodynamic Analysis of Interaction of Carbon with ZrO2 and B2O3
Jondo. Bagdavadze ¹ ;⁰ ; Zurab. Tsikaridze ¹ ; ¹Ferdinand Tavadze Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Tbilisi, Georgia;
Paper Id: 54 [Abstract]

At this stage of the development of industrial nanostructure compounds, materials containing carbides and borides of metals, especially zirconium ZrB₂ZrC, are widely used composite materials of nanostructures. The purpose of the work is to study the physical and chemical bases of high-temperature carbide production processes and borides of the specified system, which will give a chance to perform a minimum number of experiments. A full thermodynamic analysis was performed to determine the conditions for the formation of boride and zirconium carbide in the Zr - B - O - C system. A complete thermodynamic analysis was performed in a vacuum for the reactions 2ZrO₂ + B₂O₃ + 8C = ZrB₂ + ZrC + 7CO. On the basis of theoretically obtained results, it is possible to experimentally obtain a composite material ZrB₂ / ZrC.

[NanomaterialsPoster3] The thermodynamic analysis of interaction of carbon with ZrO2 and B2O3 for receiving mix of the composite material ZrB2/ZrC
Jondo. Bagdavadze ¹ ; Ketevan. Ukleba ² ; Zurab. Tsikaridze ¹ ; ¹Ferdinand Tavadze Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Tbilisi, Georgia; ², Tbilisi, Georgia;
Paper Id: 193 [Abstract]

At this stage of the development of industrial nanostructure compounds, materials containing carbides and borides of metals, especially zirconium ZrB₂/ZrC, are widely used composite materials of nanostructures.
The purpose of the work is to study the physical and chemical bases of high-temperature carbide production processes and borides of the specified system, which will give a chance to perform a minimum number of experiments.
A full thermodynamic analysis (FTA) of the interaction of ZrO₂ and B₂O₃ with carbon under a vacuum (0.0001 atm.) has been conducted.
The initial content of the components correspond properly to the stoichiometry of the following reactions:
ZrO₂ + B₂O₃ + 5C = ZrB₂ + 5СО (1)
2ZrO₂ + B₂O₃ + 8C = ZrB₂ + ZrC + 7СО (2)
The main results of this research are presented as FTA diagrams (dependence of the content of components on temperature in the range of 700-1600 K).
Based on the results of the provided analyses, an experimental research on the production of composite materials was carried out.

[NanomaterialsPoster4] Nanostructuring of the Metallic Matrix by the Disperse Phase (TiC) in the Composites for the Directed Regulation of Mechanical Properties
Elena. Zemtsova ¹ ; ¹Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 255 [Abstract]

One of the important tasks of modern materials science is the development of new composites with improved functional properties. Theoretical and experimental backgrounds of synthesis of a new class of nanocomposite materials based on a metal matrix are substantiated (iron, aluminum) with TiC nanofibers as the disperse phase. A new combined method for producing metal-based (iron, aluminum) composites is considered, including powder metallurgy and surface nanostructuring of the dispersed phase. The following stages of material synthesis are investigated: (1) preparation of a porous metal matrix, (2) ALD-assisted surface structuring of the porous metal matrix by TIC nanostructures 1-50 nm in size, and (3) pressing and sintering of samples to produce solid metal composite materials with TIC nanofibers in the bulk. This material can be presented in the form of "frame in the frame", i.e. a metal frame pierced by the frame of TiC nanowires. It is shown that despite the presence of residual porosity, the properties of the obtained samples are comparable with the properties of the mold-produced best steel grades containing expensive dopants. In the future, this approach will solve the problem of creating a new generation of nanostructured metal composites with improved mechanical properties for various fields of engineering (mechanical engineering, engine building).

[NanomaterialsPoster5] Functional properties of BaTiO3-based ceramics, thin films and nanostructures
Lucian. Pintilie ¹ ; Ioana. Pintilie ¹ ; ¹National Institute of Materials Physics, Magurele, Romania;
Paper Id: 362 [Abstract]

BaTiO3 is a well-known ferroelectric material with perovskite structure. The Sr doping allows a fine tuning of the functional properties, including the transition temperature, the dielectric constant and the pyroelectric coefficient. Another way to tune the properties is to control the size of the crystalline grains. <br />Here we present results on structural, dielectric and pyroelectric properties of some BaTiO3-based materials, showing how the properties changes as the structure changes from bulk ceramics, to epitaxial films and nanocrystals. Sr-doped BaTiO3 ceramics, in the 20-40 % range, show interesting pyroelectric properties, making them attractive for infrared detection. The dielectric properties changes significantly with the Sr doping, as proven by the results of wide-band dielectric spectroscopy. The properties changes dramatically when going to epitaxial thin films, with lower values for dielectric constant but larger leakage currents. Finally, preliminary results on nanometer scale BaTiO3 crystals are presented.