The solid core of the earth is an iron sphere with a diameter of ~ 2,500 km, at temperature of ~5,000K and pressure of ~350 GPa. This temperature far exceeds iron's melting point at ambient pressure but it is solid because of the Clausius Clapeyron equation. The mechanical properties and microstructure of the solid core are virtually unknown because of the impossibility of reaching it. Experiments at the National Ignition Facility of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory on iron using high-powered pulsed lasers have reproduced the pressures and temperatures in the range of the earth core, albeit at a strain rate that is many orders of magnitude higher (10^6 s^-1). This is enabled by the observation of the growth rate of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities on the surface of iron, which are dependent on the strength. The mechanisms of plastic deformation and constitutive relationships under laser compression and at the center of the solid core are evaluated analytically and computationally, enabling tentative conclusions. Nabarro- Herring and Weertman creep mechanisms are compared with dislocation glide and PTW predictions. Support: CMEC, NIF, LLNL

This study provides an in-depth review of the electrical properties of composite materials, encompassing metals, ceramics, polymers, and nanocomposites reinforced with nanometric particles. It examines critical electrical characteristics, such as conductivity and dielectric properties, and their implications for diverse applications. The analysis highlights the significant enhancement of electrical conductivity through the incorporation of metallic nanoparticles, which establish conductive networks within polymer matrices. By exploring the interactions between composite constituents, the study elucidates the behavior of these materials under varying conditions, offering valuable insights into their performance. This comprehensive review serves as a foundation for targeted future research, facilitating detailed investigations into specific composite types and their potential limitations. Furthermore, it enriches the existing literature by providing a broad perspective on the electrical properties of composites, paving the way for advancements in fields such as electronics, biomedical devices, and environmental technologies. This work underscores the importance of understanding component interactions to drive innovation and develop novel applications for composite materials.

The Cauxi sponge, a resident of the Amazon Basin, is a freshwater sponge with impressive adaptability. Belonging to the Demospongiae class, it can be considered a natural mineral-organic composite comprising sub-millimeter spicules embedded in an organic matrix, which acts as an adhesive layer. Two types of spicules are observed in a specimen from the Guaporé River: megascleres (about 150 µm long and 20 µm in diameter) and microscleres (50 µm long and 10 µm in diameter). Electron microscopy reveals that these spicules form a homogeneous, amorphous silica structure. We report the compressive strength of the spicules, obtained from micropillars, their modulus, revealed by nanoindentation, and their fracture toughness, tested using a pre-notch micro cantilever beam. The mesoporous nature of the biogenic silica is evaluated by SAXS data, showing pore sizes around 2.3 nm. Additionally, we revealed the shell structure of Cauxi gemmules, which are reinforced by short silica spicules acting as reinforcing struts. This discovery of mesoporous structures, synthesized under ambient conditions, inspires the design of artificial lightweight protective shell structures comprised of short fibers with disk-like extremities connected by an organic matrix.

In recent years, the use of lignocellulosic natural fibers (LNFs) as reinforcements in composites has increased significantly [1,2]. This trend is driven by environmental concerns and the need to reduce dependence on petroleum reserves [3]. Consequently, there is a growing interest in environmentally friendly materials aligned with the principles of sustainable development. LNFs are considered a promising alternative due to their low cost, renewability, biodegradability, and low specific weight [4,5]. As a result, these fibers have been employed across various technological sectors, particularly in engineering applications. Hybrid composites combining natural and synthetic fibers are being investigated to enhance mechanical performance while reducing weight and cost, balancing the advantages and disadvantages of each constituent. Thus, the present study investigates the influence of different stacking configurations involving aramid fabric and jute fibers, and separately, aramid fabric and sisal fibers, as reinforcement components in composite materials. These composite systems were subjected to ballistic testing using .22 caliber ammunition. Based on the measurements of impact and residual velocities, the absorbed energy and the ballistic limit velocity of the projectile were calculated. Preliminary results indicated that the incorporation of aramid layers into the sisal-based composites enhanced the energy absorption under projectile impact, likely due to modifications in the fracture mechanisms of the composites. In contrast, the jute-based composite did not exhibit significant changes.

Recycling natural fibers plays a crucial role in promoting environmental sustainability by reducing waste, conserving resources, and lowering the environmental impact of textile production. Natural fibers such as cotton, wool, and linen are biodegradable, but when disposed of in landfills, they contribute to pollution and resource depletion. By recycling these materials, we not only extend the life cycle of valuable resources but also decrease the demand for virgin fiber production, which often involves intensive water, energy, and chemical use. Additionally, recycling natural fibers supports a circular economy, encouraging more responsible consumption and production practices while helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and textile waste accumulation. On the other hand, the reinforcement of polymer matrices with natural fibers is opening new avenues for enhancing both the environmental and economic sustainability of the polymer industry, while also broadening their applications in engineering. This study investigates the additive manufacturing of composite materials reinforced with short coffee waste shells. A range of characterizations—including scanning electron microscopy and tensile testing—are presented, along with a statistical analysis of the tensile results using Weibull distribution. By incorporating this organic waste into engineered composites, the useful life of coffee shells is extended, contributing to environmental sustainability, and offering potential socio-economic benefits at the local level. The results demonstrate that the produced filaments possess promising mechanical strength and suggest the viability of scaling up the manufacturing process.

A growing demand for research about ballistic armor shields follows the increase of violence around the world. Ultimately, different composite materials with polymeric matrices have already presented the minimum performance as an individual protection required with cheaper and lower density, such as those reinforced with natural lignocellulosic fiber (NLF). The Cyperus malaccensis, a type of sedge fiber, is already used in simple items like ropes, furniture, and paper, but has not yet been investigated as composite reinforcement for possible ballistic protection applications. Therefore, composite plates were prepared for the ballistic tests, one for each condition of 10, 20 and 30 vol% sedge fibers. Each plate has been subjected to 5 test-shots  using 7.62 mm commercial ammunition. The fibers were embedded under pressure in the epoxy resin matrix and cured at room temperature for 24 hours. The tested specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Besides, analysis of variance was performed and the absorbed energy of all specimens were evaluated.

Cold Sintering Process (CSP) was employed to densify hydroxyapatite (HAp) using phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) as a transient liquid phase at low temperature. HAp powders synthesized by aqueous precipitation were CSP-processed at 200 °C under 600 MPa for 30 min with H₃PO₄ contents of 5 or 10 wt% at 1 or 2 M. Apparent density (Archimedes), biaxial flexural strength (three-ball method, ABNT NBR ISO 6872), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to correlate processing, microstructure, and properties. Despite the low thermal budget, CSP achieved apparent densities of 2.44–2.55 g cm⁻³, corresponding to 77.64–84.21% of the theoretical density. The 5%–2 M condition reached the highest densification (84.21%), whereas 10%–1 M delivered the best mechanical performance (σ_f = 36.08 ± 8.88 MPa), indicating that strength is not governed by densification alone. XRD confirmed predominance of the HAp phase (ICDD 00-009-0432) for all groups; average crystallite sizes ranged from 34.35 to 56.92 nm, with specific surface area increasing as crystallite size decreased (up to 87.53 m² g⁻¹). SEM revealed a microstructural evolution consistent with dissolution–reprecipitation: from porous, weakly coalesced networks (5%–1 M) to denser, better-bridged grains (10%–1 M), while excessive acidity (10%–2 M) promoted local fragility. Overall, tailoring the chemistry of the transient liquid phase enables efficient, phase-preserving, and energy-saving densification of HAp via CSP, offering a viable route for bioceramics where low processing temperatures and controlled microstructures are required.

For composite production, commercial corn starch plasticized with 30% glycerol was used. Ubim fibers were sourced from the local market in Belém (PA) and subjected to peeling and milling processes to optimize adhesion to the polymer matrix. The composites were processed using a single-screw extruder in five TPS/fiber ratios (0, 5, 10 and 15 wt.%). Films and test specimens were molded by hot pressing under standardized parameters. The composites were characterized through density, hardness (ASTM D2240), tensile strength (ASTM D638), and impact tests, as well as microstructural analyses by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and phase evaluation by X-ray diffraction (XRD).

The results showed that the addition of ubim fibers to the thermoplastic starch composites significantly increased tensile strength, demonstrating the effectiveness of natural reinforcement in enhancing the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix. SEM analyses revealed morphological changes, highlighting good interfacial adhesion between the ubim fibers and TPS, which is essential for efficient stress transfer. XRD indicated the presence of semi-crystalline structures influenced by fiber incorporation. These findings confirm that the use of natural fibers, such as ubim, is a promising strategy for developing biodegradable composites with improved performance. Such materials exhibit high potential for sustainable plastic packaging applications, combining mechanical performance with reduced environmental impact.

This research explores the radiological shielding performance of hybrid composites made from aramid and linen fabrics embedded in an epoxy polymer matrix, reinforced with bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), using Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) simulations. The study aims to assess gamma radiation attenuation by analyzing photon flux across composite layers and energy deposition within the material. The MCNP code was utilized to simulate gamma photon interactions, investigating the effects of Bi2O3 concentration, layer thickness, and fabric arrangement. Bi2O3, known for its high atomic number and density, significantly enhances the composite’s radiation attenuation capabilities while maintaining structural integrity. The results indicate substantial reductions in photon flux and efficient energy absorption, driven by the combined properties of aramid’s mechanical strength, linen’s eco-friendliness, and Bi2O3’s superior radiation-blocking capacity. The simulations highlight how composite design influences shielding effectiveness, providing valuable insights into developing lightweight, durable materials for radiological protection in medical imaging, aerospace, and industrial applications. This work lays the groundwork for experimental validation and optimization of Bi2O3-reinforced hybrid composites, advancing the development of sustainable, high-performance solutions for radiation shielding and contributing to safer and more efficient protective technologies.

Evaluating the permanent deformation of soils used in pavements or final earthwork layers is essential for designing highways and railways when adopting a mechanistic approach to structural design. However, due to environmental concerns, exploiting new soil deposits for such projects has become increasingly challenging, making soil stabilization or reinforcement a viable alternative. In this context, this study sought to explore the effect of adding piassava fibers to a clayey soil commonly found in subgrade layers in Brazil. Repeated load triaxial tests were conducted to assess permanent deformation under two pairs of deviator and confining stresses: (210, 70) and (450, 100) kPa, with 100,000 loading cycles applied at a frequency of 5 Hz. Resilient modulus tests were performed following national standards, using samples of natural soil, natural soil with 1.5% piassava fiber, and natural soil with 1.5% piassava fiber and 2% cement. Results showed that natural soil exhibited high permanent deformation under the higher stress pair, while the simple addition of fibers significantly reduced deformation. With the addition of cement, total permanent deformation was minimal, indicating that piassava fiber is a promising material for reinforcing pavements or earthworks.

This work proposes for the first time to develop a nanocomposite from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) based microfibers and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), synthesized using the Solution Blow-Spinning (SBS) technique [1]. This technique allows the production of fibers with a small diameter using a thermoplastic polymer, being capable of producing microfibers on a large scale. The interest is related to the reduction of the diameter when compared to conventional fibers, as the diameter size of these materials directly affects their properties, which tend to improve as the contact surface increases, thereby improving wettability [2][3]. The use of graphene and graphene oxide as reinforcing materials in composites has attracted attention, as they tend to provide greater rigidity, strength and conductivity to the material [4]. Graphene oxide is obtained by functionalizing graphene through exfoliation, creating regions with sp2 and sp3 hybridized carbons [5], in addition to hydroxyl and epoxy functional groups. This structure improves the interaction with the polymer matrix, increasing the rigidity of the composite and making it conductive, with the advantage of reducing costs when using reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The results obtained from experimental tests of concentration and morphology through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) during the development of the nanocomposite will indicate the feasibility of producing a pure PMMA nanocomposite (matrix) reinforced with rGO in powder form (filler) for applications such as conductive polymer composites via Solution Blow Spinning.

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Head and neck cancers occur in the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx, which compromise several fundamental functions such as swallowing, voicing, respiration, and articulation. Advanced cancers are usually treated by radiotherapy or radical surgery, however, post-treatment QOL is often severely deteriorated. Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is a innovative treatment that can kill cancers cells in pinpoint manner, preserving surrounding healthy tissues. PIT consists of systemic administration of antibody-photoabsorbance conjugate (APC) followed by irradiation of near infrared light. The tumor can be immediately diminished, and since the membrane of the cell is destroyed, neoantigen is emitted, which can lead to strengthening of cancer immune system. PIT is approved only in Japan now, but clinical trials are under way in manay countries. PIT also produces reactive oxygen speices (ROS) which may be effective for cancer treatment, but on the other hand, it is suggested that ROS may cause post-treatment laryngeal edema which occasionally requires tracheostomy. The edema can ocuur even without lightening to the larynx. It is important to correctly use PIT to have the best effects in mean time to avoid edema. Recent researches suggest that anti-oxidant can prevent the laryngeal edema without decreasing the therapeutic effects for cancer. The current status of PIT for head and neck caners is reported.

Chronic rhinosinusitis with eosinophilic infiltration (ECRS) is a severe and refractory form of rhinosinusitis, often coexisting with asthma. Eosinophilic infiltration and macrophages play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of severe asthma. This paper is configured to cover both the biochemical and clinical aspects of ECRS. 

In the biochemical facet, a detailed and exhaustive characterization of all the main molecular signaling pathways linked to ECRS was carried out based on the critical analysis of the scientific literature. Based on this characterization, the following flowsheets of ECRS immunology, oxidative stress and inflammation have been developed for the first time: (1) an electron delocalization chemical flowsheet of the mechanism of superoxide radical conversion into H₂O₂ and the subsequent breakdown of H₂O₂ into water and oxygen, (2) a biochemical flowsheet of the main molecular pathways involving carbon monoxide (CO) as well as inflammation, and (3) a biochemical flowsheet of the main signaling pathways involved in the inflammatory processes described in this paper. Furthermore, the main therapeutic targets for ECRS as a group and as a unified signaling pathway were identified for the first time based on the molecular characterization of the aforementioned signaling pathways and the critical analysis of the scientific literature related to (1) Interleukin-17A (IL-17A), (2) superoxide dismutase (SOD), (3) heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), (4) protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2), (5) NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), (6) the inflammasome and (7) B cells.

In the clinical facet, a thorough review of ECRS patient studies was conducted to determine new potential effective treatments against the disease. The three most important conclusions of the clinical review are the following:     (1) The loss of Cu,Zn-SOD in ECRS epithelium may contribute to an increase in IL-17A, macrophage infiltration in the subepithelial tissue, and MUC5AC overproduction in the epithelium, thereby exacerbating inflammation and mucus hypersecretion, (2) a reduction of HO-1 expression in the epithelium and macrophage infiltration are associated with epithelial damage in CRS with eosinophilic infiltration, and (3) overall, antioxidants may play a critical role in elucidating the pathogenesis of intractable diseases like ECRS and may offer new therapeutic strategies. 

In human brain tissue, oxidative stress (OS) induces various inflammatory cytokines, leading to inflammation. This inflammation causes diverse damage not only in the affected brain area but also in surrounding brain tissue.Long-term damage to brain tissue can impair the brain's autophagy function, reducing its ability to clear waste, leading to the accumulation of waste products such as amyloid beta and tau proteins, and creating a vicious cycle of further oxidative stress. Dementia is a representative disease of this process, and the development of pharmaceuticals has been challenging due to the diverse nature of the target waste products.Twendee X (TwX) is a supplement composed of eight vitamins, amino acids, CoQ10, and other ingredients, with clinical trial-confirmed preventive effects against dementia in humans. Other diseases closely associated with OS in brain neurons include hypertension, atherosclerosis, hearing loss/tinnitus, ALS, Parkinson's disease, post-stroke sequelae, chronic fatigue syndrome, depression, and sleep apnea syndrome.TwX is an antioxidant formulation that has been shown to be safe for use in both clinical and basic research, and it is expanding the field of antioxidant therapy, which has previously been challenging. The importance of antioxidant therapy is beginning to be recognized in the expansion of treatment targets for inflammatory diseases caused by oxidative stress in the brain and in basic research fields.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to oxidative stress, which plays a critical role in aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. Among ROS, hydrogen peroxide is known to particularly target lipids and impair neuronal function. Although the body possesses antioxidant defense mechanisms, their efficiency declines with age.

In this study, we investigated the effects of low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide on cultured neuronal cells. Treatment induced neurite degeneration characterized by bead-like swellings [1]. This degeneration was associated with disrupted calcium homeostasis and a marked increase in mitochondrial superoxide production [2]. Electron microscopy revealed abnormal accumulation of mitochondria at the beaded regions of neurites [3].

These findings suggest that ROS-induced neurite degeneration occurs prior to neuronal cell death and involves mitochondrial dysfunction driven by calcium dysregulation. Such early pathological changes may increase our understanding of neurodegenerative disorders. Antioxidant supplementation could represent a potential strategy to mitigate oxidative neuronal damage during aging.

Treatments for advanced head and neck cancer previously relied on radical surgery. However, radiation therapy and concurrent chemoradiotherapy, particularly using cisplatin, have gained preference due to their effectiveness and the preservation of normal tissues and their functions. A significant drawback of radiotherapy is its adverse effects, including oral mucositis, xerostomia, salivary gland dysfunction, neurological disorders, dysphagia, and dysphonia. Research in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials has demonstrated that antioxidants effectively protect normal tissues from radiation-induced damage. However, the potential for antioxidants to compromise the tumoricidal efficacy of radiotherapy remains a subject of controversy. Clinical studies on head and neck cancer suggest that antioxidant use may negatively impact cancer control and survival outcomes. Consequently, non-selective systemic antioxidant therapy is not generally recommended. Recent advancements in the quantification of oxidative stress and biological antioxidant potential provide new opportunities to customize antioxidant therapies for individual patients. To optimize outcomes, further research is needed to elucidate the complex interactions between antioxidants, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and tumors. The development of novel antioxidant agents that can selectively protect normal tissue is also required. Subsequently, large-scale randomized controlled trials will be necessary to evaluate the efficacy of antioxidant therapies tailored to tumor characteristics and the specific conditions of individual patients.

Tocotrienols, a natural fat-soluble vitamin, have a strong antioxidant effect. Its antioxidant effect is stronger than that of tocopherols. Tocotrienols have unique functions such as inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, neuroprotection, and inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase activity.

On the other hand, obesity has become a serious problem worldwide and increases the risk of many serious diseases. One of the problems caused by obesity is the promotion of oxidation in the body. The accumulation of oxidative damage in the body is deeply related to lifespan. In this study, to clarify the relationship between obesity and oxidative damage, obese mice were created and tocotrienols were administered to verify its antioxidant effect.

Tocotrienols administration significantly suppressed weight gain in mice fed a high-fat diet [1]. This phenomenon did not change even when the administration period or dosage was changed [2]. HPLC confirmed that tocotrienols had reached the adipose tissue. In serum tests, lipid scores were significantly improved. This is thought to be related to improved liver function. These results indicate the discovery of a new function of the antioxidant tocotrienols and encourage further research.

Oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, contributing to endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and progression of tissue damage [1,2]. Advances in nanomedicine have opened new possibilities for targeted drug delivery, offering potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic side effects [3,4].

This study aimed to investigate the cardiovascular and metabolic effects of aliskiren and simvastatin delivered via biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles in experimental models of hypertension and metabolic syndrome, with a focus on modulation of oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) signaling.

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and obese Zucker rats with metabolic syndrome were used as experimental models. Aliskiren-loaded poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles (25 mg/kg/day) were administered to SHR for 3 weeks, and simvastatin-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (15 mg/kg/day) were given to obese rats for 6 weeks. Blood pressure was measured weekly. Nanoparticle distribution was assessed using confocal microscopy. Plasma lipid profiles and tissue levels of conjugated dienes were analyzed. In cardiac tissue, gene expression of (pro)renin receptor (Atp6ap2), angiotensin II receptor (Agtr1), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) was quantified. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and the protein expression of Akt, endothelial NOS (eNOS), phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS), neuronal NOS (nNOS), NADPH oxidase, and NF-κB were evaluated in the heart and aorta.

Aliskiren-loaded nanoparticles significantly reduced blood pressure in SHR, downregulated Atp6ap2 and ACE gene expression, and increased cardiac NOS activity. These changes were associated with decreased expression of NADPH oxidase and reduced lipid peroxidation markers, indicating a reduction in oxidative stress. Simvastatin-loaded nanoparticles decreased plasma LDL-cholesterol levels and, when co-administered with coenzyme Q10, further increased NOS activity and the expression of Akt, eNOS, and p-eNOS in both heart and aorta. Both nanoparticle formulations downregulated NF-κB and NADPH oxidase, confirming their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. In conclusion, these results suggest that targeted delivery of cardiovascular drugs via nanoparticles may effectively modulate ROS/NO balance and improve cardiometabolic outcomes.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in the number of people suffering from various diseases, with patients becoming younger. In addition, rising medical costs and drug shortages are exacerbating the situation, such as becoming impossible to adequately treat diseases that should normally be treatable, raising concerns about future health risks. As the current state of medical care is likely to persist, disease prevention will become increasingly important in the future. Inflammation is at the root of all diseases, including aging, common lifestyle-related diseases, designated intractable diseases, and even unknown diseases. Oxidative stress is closely associated with inflammation. Prolonged exposure to inflammation and oxidative stress can accelerate the onset of diseases, making it crucial to suppress oxidative stress. We have been investigating the effects of Twendee X and Twendee Mtcontrol, antioxidant combinations, on various diseases. While it is well known that oxidative stress increases with age, lifestyle factors are also closely related. These factors can be broadly categorized into preferences, diet, exercise, and sleep. We summarized the results of previous studies on how these factors increase oxidative stress and how they affect the body's homeostasis. Based on these findings, we discuss the importance of improving lifestyle through antioxidant supplements.

Respiratory-swallowing coordination is essential for safe swallowing and the prevention of aspiration. The pontine respiratory group, particularly the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF), plays a crucial role in maintaining respiratory rhythm and proper laryngeal movement. Additionally, the KF regulates the initiation and motor activity of pharyngeal swallowing and is interconnected with the nucleus tractus solitarius, receiving both visceral and somatic sensory information from the larynx and nose. Therefore, lesions in the pontine brainstem, including damage to the KF, can lead to a deterioration in respiratory rhythm and coordination between respiration and swallowing. Furthermore, the deterioration of the oxidative and antioxidative balance caused by brain ischemia may contribute to the dysfunction of neuronal systems. However, little is known about the relationship between respiratory rhythm generation and oxidative stress, as well as the effects of lesions in the respiratory center on oxidative and antioxidative systems. We investigate the impact of inhibiting the KF on respiratory and swallowing activities, as well as changes in oxidative and antioxidative stress, both before and after the pontine lesion. To monitor respiration and swallowing, we recorded the activity of the vagus, hypoglossal, phrenic, and abdominal nerves in a perfused brainstem preparation of rats. Additionally, a multi-electrode array was used to record respiratory and swallowing-related neurons in the dorsal medulla, and the KF was inhibited through the microinjection of a GABA agonist. Changes in respiratory rhythm and motor activities were analyzed, and we measured derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) to evaluate levels of oxidative and antioxidative stress before and after the lesion.
The post-inspiratory activity of the vagus nerve was inhibited, and activity patterns of swallowing were changed following the KF inhibition. The BAP levels were increased after KF inhibition.
Our findings suggest that the KF contributes to mediating glottal adduction and controlling post-inspiratory activity. The KF may significantly impact the oxidative and antioxidative balance.

Historically, advanced head and neck cancer was treated primarily with radical surgery. However, radiotherapy and concurrent chemoradiotherapy, particularly cisplatin-based regimens, have become the preferred approach due to their efficacy in tumor control while preserving normal tissue function. Despite these advantages, radiotherapy induces significant adverse effects, including oral mucositis, xerostomia, salivary gland dysfunction, neuropathies, dysphagia, and dysphonia, which impair quality of life(1). Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the ability of antioxidants to mitigate radiation-induced damage to normal tissues. However, their potential to attenuate the tumoricidal effects of radiotherapy remains controversial. Clinical evidence suggests that systemic antioxidant administration may negatively impact oncological outcomes, reducing tumor control and survival rates(2). Consequently, non-selective antioxidant therapy is generally discouraged in this setting. Recent advances in oxidative stress quantification, such as measuring derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP), have improved our ability to assess oxidative balance in cancer patients(3). These developments may offer personalized strategies for antioxidant use.Future research should focus on developing tissue-selective antioxidants that protect normal structures without interfering with ROS-mediated tumor suppression. Large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) will be necessary to validate tailored approaches that optimize therapeutic efficacy while minimizing normal tissue toxicity.

Nowadays, our surroundings are filled with electrical devices that emit electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic waves emitted by devices such as mobile phones, wireless earphones, high-voltage power lines, electric cookers and electric blankets have the same properties as radiation; they differ only in wavelength. Exposure to these waves causes water molecules in the body to ionize, producing hydrogen peroxide and increasing oxidative stress. Oxidative stress contributes to numerous diseases and adverse effects of electromagnetic waves have been reported, including infertility, leukaemia and cancer. As it is impractical to avoid electromagnetic wave-emitting devices entirely, it is necessary to take measures to counteract the oxidative stress they cause.
Twendee X (TwX) is an antioxidant supplement containing vitamins, amino acids and CoQ10. It has passed pharmaceutical-level safety tests and can be used safely by both children and adults. Previous studies have proven that TwX suppresses the increase in oxidative stress caused by radiation exposure. Here, we discuss the potential effectiveness of an antioxidant in countering electromagnetic wave-induced oxidative stress in everyday environments. It incorporates measurement results of electromagnetic waves from common electronic devices, such as mobile phones and wireless earbuds.

In this talk we discuss how, starting with John Horton Conway’s skein theory of the Alexander polynomial, that new invariants of knots arose (the Jones polynomial among them) that are related to statistical mechanics. I will tell the story of how I discovered statistical mechanics summation models for the Alexander and Jones polynomials. The will continue, via the work of Ed Witten, to gauge theory and quantum field theory. 

This relationship of knot theory and physical theory is intimately tied with a mystery discovered by Herman Weyl in the early part of the 20th century. Weyl discovered that if one takes a line element A in spacetime as a differential 1-form, and writes down dA in the sense of the differential forms of Grassmann, then dA expresses the mathematical form of the Electromagnetic Field.

The field is expressed by the holonomy of the form A  around loops in spacetime. Weyl was so impressed with his observation that he suggested building a Geometry that would unify his line element A and the metric of General Relativity to make a unified field theory. But Einstein asked why should spacetime lengths change under transport? And the Weyl theory did not quite succeed. Yet it did succeed by the quantum reformulation of Fritz London, where the key was to see that the holonomy could represent a phase change in the quantum wave-function. Experimental confirmation of the influence of a gauge potential A on quantum interference came much later with the Aharonov-Bohm effect. Theoretical influence of this idea came with the generalization of A to a Lie algebra valued 1-form and the corresponding generalized gauge theories such as Yang-Mills theory. Then the physical field is not dA but dA + A^A and the holonomy remains important. Witten suggested the use of a spatial gauge A so that measuring its holonomy along a knot K would produce invariants such as the Jones polynomial. Witten understood that a formal answer required integration over all  the connections A. This integral of Witten is a functional integral in the quantum field theory associated with A. It has deep formal properties that inform indeed not only the Jones polynomial, but a host of other invariants as well, and the seeds of relationships with the three manifold invariants of Reshetikhin and Turaev, and the Vassiliev invariants of knots and links. Topological Quantum Field Theory was born. This is the story of a revolution in knot theory that started with Conway in 1969, focused by Jones and Kauffman, and began again with Witten in 1988. This talk will discuss these matters and will mention more recent developments such as Khovanov homology whose physical interpretations are not yet fully articulated. The talk will be self-contained and suitable for a general scientific audience. We will illustrate these key ideas in the relationship of knots and natural science with geometry, diagrams and dynamics.

Aspects of gauge theory, Hamiltonian mechanics and quantum mechanics arise naturally in the mathematics of a non-commutative framework for calculus and differential geometry. This talk discusses our general results in this domain. We give a derivation of a generalization of the Feynman-Dyson derivation of electromagnetism using the non-commutative context and diagrammatic techniques. We then discuss, in more depth, relationships with gauge theory and differential geometry.  The key aspect of this approach is the representation of derivatives as commutators. This creates the context of a non-commutative world and allows a synoptic view of patterns in mathematical physics.

Finally, we explore the relationship of general relativity and non-commutative algebra via the expression of covariant derivatives in terms of commutators and articulate the Bianchi Identity in terms of the Jacobi Identity. In this way we can formulate curvature in terms of commutators and formulate algebraic constraints on curvature so that our curvature tensors have the requisite symmetries to produce a divergence free Einstein tensor. The talk will discuss these structures and their relationship with classical general relativity.

Physics at its most fundamental is codified into a single operator. In the first instance this appears as a component of the Dirac equation, the relativistic quantum mechanical equation that describes the most fundamental physical state, the fermion or fundamental particle. At first sight, this equation contains mathematical objects which are not otherwise seen in physics, and most people who use the equation use them in a form close to that given by Dirac in his discovery paper of 1928. In this form they give the impression of being the result of a guess or reverse engineering which happen to give the correct results when applied to physical situations. However, Dirac’s 4 × 4 matrices disguise a more fundamental algebraic structure, whose form derives from the nature of the most fundamental quantities in physics and which has been derived from first principles of computation using a universal rewrite structure. When we apply this algebra in its most efficient form, we see that the Dirac equation is not sui generis but can be derived by a standard quantization procedure from classical relativistic energy-momentum conservation, with the operator alone, once specified, determining everything that follows. We also see immediate explanations of many previously unexplained physical facts without further assumptions.

These talks are a short introduction to knot theory from a combinatorial point of view and with an eye towards applications to Natural Science.  The talks are self-contained and form a short introductory course in knot theory.

1. Introduction to knots and unknots, Reidemeister moves, linking numbers, Fox coloring to detect knotting and linking. Rational tangles and fractions via coloring. Link,Twist, Writhe and DNA.

These talks are a short introduction to knot theory from a combinatorial point of view and with an eye towards applications to Natural Science.  The talks are self-contained and form a short introductory course in knot theory.

2. Introduction to the Kauffman bracket polynomial, Many examples. Discussion of other knot polynomials. Relationships with graph theory and with statistical mechanics, state summation models, the Potts model, tensor networks and categories.

We review recent advances on isomathematics, genomathematics and hypermathematics for the invariant representation of reversible, irreversible and multi-valued systems of extended constituents in conditions of deep mutual entanglement, with conventional linear, local and potential interactions represented by the conventional Hamiltonian H plus non-linear, non-local and non-potential interactions represented by the operator S in the associativity-preserving iso-, geno- and hyper-completions , , of the millenary old associative product of operators , . We then review advances in physics, chemistry and biology which are permitted by iso-, geno- and hyper- mathematics, but impossible for 20th century applied mathematics [1] [2].

Following studies initiated at Harvard University in the early 1980s under DOE support, we outline: 1) The irreversible, Lie-admissible and Jordan-admissible branch of hadronic mechanics (hm) with generalized Heisenberg equation i(dA/dt) = (A, H) = A < H – H < A = ARH – HSA = (ATH – HTA) + {AJH + HJA}, R = T + J > 0, S = –T + J > 0 for the consistent representation of notoriously irreversible nuclear fusions; 2) The experimentally confirmed new bond within a DC arc of natural positively charged Deuterons and negatively charged valence electron pairs into a pseudo-Deuteron, D(1, 2, 1) + = D(–1, 2, 1), which is prohibited by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle despite the extremely big Coulomb attraction between electrons and nuclei, but fully admitted by the hadronic isodeterminism; 3) The new, independently confirmed, HyperFusions of Deuterons and pseudo-Deuteron into the Helium without the Coulomb barrier . We finally review the independent certifications of the sustainable and controllable excess nuclear energy produced by the third Hadronic HyperFusion Reactor www.world-lecture-series.org/dragon-iii without the Coulomb barrier and without the release of harmful radiation.

R.M. Santilli’s seminal contribution provides formulation of novel mathematical, physical and chemical methods to show that interior dynamical systems admit classical counterpart in full accordance with the EPR argument via representation by Isomathematics. The Lie-isotopic branch of hadronic mechanics, wherein a system of extended protons and neutrons in conditions of partial mutual penetration in a nuclear structure verifies the following properties: 1) Admits, for the first time, explicit and concrete realizations of Bohm’s hidden variables. 2) Violates Bell’s inequalities 3) Verifies the broadening of Heisenberg’s indeterminacy principle for electromagnetic interactions of point-like particles in vacuum into the isouncertainty principle of hadronic mechanics, also called Einstein’s isodeterminism for extended hadrons in conditions of partial mutual penetration. Moreover, Einstein’s ‘Determinism’ for strong interactions is progressively achieved in the interior of hadrons, nuclei and stars, and is fully achieved in the interior of gravitational collapse known as ‘Isodeterminism’. In this paper we study Santilli’s seminal work in verifying Einstein’s Determinism.

Conventional quantum mechanics defines the wavefunction through its mathematical properties, asserting a connection with the physical world through measurement postulates.  Ontological questions about the origin and  possible existence of physical analogs of wavefunctions  remain unanswered. However, the  Feynman path-integral formulation of quantum mechanics has for many years hinted that paths may provide a connection to a more complete statistical mechanical picture. A barrier to this has been the unknown origin of phase in wavefunctions.

This work starts with Minkowski space where the speed of light is invariant through all inertial frames. This invariance forces sequential  timelike events on a particle's worldline to manifest a form of continuous phase through the restriction that associated lightlike edges in a 1+1 spacetime cannot continuously rotate in the spacetime plane in which they exist. However, they can and do rotate  out of the spacetime plane of the worldline and this rotation forms the basis of the Feynman Relativistic Chessboard model. Noting this behaviour has allowed the Chessboard model to be extended from 1+1 to 3+1 dimensions. It also provides insight into the origin of quantum phase. We shall show that Feynman's propagator for the electron, built within the context of quantum mechanics, may also be built without reference to quantum mechanics by using familiar aspects of spacetime diagrams. Linking the two routes to the same propagator shows that quantum phase is a manifestation of relativistic time dilation.

Various well-defined polymers with precisely controlled macromolecular architecture were prepared under environmentally benign conditions, with ppm of catalysts, in an aqueous environment, and in open-air with temporal control by light, electrical current, mechanical forces, or benign chemicals such as ascorbic acid.  The dynamic exchange between active radicals and dormant species catalyzed by ppm amounts of copper catalyst in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) enabled access to uniform star, comb, bottlebrush, or cyclic polymers with controlled chain composition, such as block, gradient, or periodic structures. Macromolecular engineering provided access to designed bioconjugates by covalently linking synthetic polymers with proteins or nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and attaching polymers to inorganic surfaces such as nanoparticles or flat wafers. Such well-defined polymers and hybrid materials outperform conventional commercial products; they can self-assemble, self-repair, depolymerize back to monomers, and respond to external stimuli. They find applications in the areas of biomedicine, environment, and energy.

Flexible and stretchable electronics are opening new opportunities for integration with the human body. In this seminar, I will introduce our recent developments of ultrathin, bio-integrated devices for both wearable and implantable applications. These include a skin-adhesive EMG patch for motion analysis, tissue-adhesive light-emitting devices for cancer therapy, and liquid metal-based microfluidic systems for soft electronics. By matching the mechanics of biological tissues, these platforms aim to achieve comfortable, long-term operation without the need for sutures or rigid components.

The development of new polymerization methods for preparing functional polymer materials with unique structures and attractive properties is of great significance in both polymer chemistry and materials science. As an important group of functional polymer materials, fused heterocyclic polymers have received extensive attention in different fields. However, traditional synthetic methods toward such polymers normally require limited and expensive fused aromatic substrates, elaborate reaction control, complicated operation procedures, and painful isolation. These synthesis difficulties greatly restrict their accessibility. When it is necessary to introduce multiple functional substituents in complex heterocyclic structure units, the polymer synthesis would be even be more challenging. In contrast, transition metal-catalyzed C-H-activation/annulation polymerizations based on acetylenic monomers offer a facile and efficient way for the synthesis of fused heterocyclic polymers by utilizing inert C-H as potential functional groups. With this strategy, complex fused heterocycles can be generated in-situ in polymer backbones from simple and readily available reactants, showing the advantages of simple operation, high efficiency, high atom economy, etc. The resulting fused heterocyclic polymers generally possess multiple aromatic substituents, which can endow the polymers with good solubility and excellent aggregate-state luminescence properties. This report will introduce our recent work progress on the development of novel C‒H activation/annulation polymerization reactions for the synthesis of multifunctional fluorescent fused heterocyclic polymers, including the stoichiometric two-component polyannulations of internal diynes and aromatics, non-stoichiometric two-component polyannulations of internal diynes and monofunctional aromatics, and cascade C‒H activation/annulation polymerizations. The properties and functionalities of the obtained fused (hetero)cyclic polymers will also be introduced.[1-4] A brief outlook on the future development directions of this field will also be briefly discussed.

Dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC), exemplified by imine chemistry, has unlocked unprecedented opportunities for designing polymeric materials with tunable structures and multifunctionality. Building upon this foundation, our recent work leverages imine-based dynamic covalent systems to address two critical challenges in materials science: (1) Quaternary Nanocomposites: By incorporating cleavable dynamic covalent bonds at the “root” of polymer-grafted nanoparticles, we achieved repeated grafting, degrafting, and regrafting of polymer brushes on nanoparticle surfaces. This strategy enables the fabrication of nanocomposites with multiple chemically distinct polymer grafts while avoiding phase separation—a breakthrough for modular and adaptive hybrid materials. (2) Water-Degradable Networks: Utilizing a guanidine-mediated Mannich-type reaction, we constructed dynamic polymer networks (films and hydrogels) from low-cost reactants (guanidine hydrochloride, aldehydes, and diamines). These materials exhibit stimuli-responsiveness, autonomous self-healing, and complete degradation in room-temperature water within 30 days—a rare combination of robustness and degradability. The inherent reversibility of dynamic covalent bonds not only facilitates reprocessability but also provides a pathway toward a sustainable future. Our findings highlight how DCC principles can bridge the gap between performance-driven engineering and sustainability. Looking ahead, these works opens avenues for designing “programmable” materials with on-demand degradation kinetics, particularly for transient electronics, eco-friendly packaging, and biomedical devices. By integrating molecular-level dynamism with macroscopic functionality, we envision a new paradigm where advanced materials coexist harmoniously with circular economy principles.

The intrinsic dynamic feature of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) has attracted great interest from polymer chemists, allowing them to explore various types of mechanically interlocked polymers (MIPs), such as polyrotaxanes and polycatenanes. However, almost all the previously reported methods to afford polyrotaxanes are uncontrolled and therefore unable to deliver materials with well-defined structures and narrow dispersity. Our group has recently developed a new method to synthesize polyrotaxanes in a controlled manner. Through ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) using a catenane as the selected monomer, we can produce polyrotaxanes with controlled molecular weights and narrow dispersity. The ratio of the threaded rings can also be regulated by the copolymerization of other norbornene-based monomers on account of the broad substrate scope of ROMP. Furthermore, we aim to harness this newly developed method to afford slide-ring networks (by crosslinking movable rings covalently) with a precisely controlled density of crosslinks, which is the key factor in modulating network performance and mechanical properties. This approach will provide access to various polymer networks formed by ROMP that are both tough and stretchable and, most importantly, shed light on the structure-property relationship between movable crosslinks and bulk materials. 

In this talk, recent advances from our group regarding the controlled synthesis of MIPs and our foray into slide-ring materials will be covered. 

Efficient hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to monosaccharides is a challenging step and the primary obstacle for the large scale production of cellulosic biofuels and chemical feedstock for polymer applications [1]. Ionic liquids are well known for their ability to dissolve cellulose. 

Our interest in the search for efficient catalytic methods for saccharification of polysaccharides has led us to develop -SO₃H group functionalized Brönsted acidic ionic liquids (BAILs) as solvents as well as catalysts [2], [3]. Later we found that these sulfuric acid derivatives can be used as catalysts in aqueous phase as well. For example, BAIL 1-(1-propylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride aqueous solution was shown to be a better catalyst than H₂SO₄ of the same [H⁺] for the degradation of cellulose [4]. This observation is an important lead for the development of a BAIL based cellulase mimic type catalyst for the depolymerization of cellulose. Furthermore, we have investigated the effects of selected metal ions on 1-(1-propylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride BAIL catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose in water at 140-170 °C. These results show that cellulose samples heated with Mn²⁺, Fe³⁺, Co²⁺ as co-catalysts produce significantly higher TRS yields compared to the sample heated without the metal ions. 

This talk will present the development of BAIL based artificial cellulase type catalysts in aqueous, alcohol and acetone mediums, QSAR studies, catalyst immobilizations, applications on lignocellulosic biomass materials such as corn stover, switchgrass and poplar as well as catalyst recycling studies.

Polymers with dynamic covalent bonds have attracted much attention in recent years because of their self-healing, recyclability, and shape-memory properties, which can be achieved by repeated cleavage and regeneration of covalent bonds upon thermal or photo-stimulation. However, many reports have shown that dynamic covalent bond units, including Diels-Alder (DA) adducts, dissociate at around 100°C, and although they show repairability in the room temperature to medium temperature range, their application to practical materials is limited. Here we focus on anthracene-naphthoquinone (juglone) adduct, which shows bond recombination reactions in the high-temperature range compared to well-known furan- maleimide adduct, and synthesized the crosslinked polymers with anthracene-naphthoquinone moiety. The crosslinks of the network polymer showed high thermal stability ~150°C, but still reprocessable > 170°C. Crosslink density, Tg of matrix polymer, spacer length, etc were systematically investigated to understand reversible crosslinking behavior. Reversible crosslinking was evaluated by the temperature dependence of rheological behavior. Finally, we introduced DA unit for the crosslinked polyethylene, which is promising material for recyclable electric cables. 

Light-emitting polymers are the core materials for constructing optoelectronic devices, and efforts have been made to further enhance their functionality. In particular, stimuli-responsive luminescent materials are highly useful because they can be used as sensors. Therefore, much effort have been devoted to developing new functional polymers. We have previously discovered that azobenzene-containing polymers can work as versatile luminescent materials. In this paper, to enhance thermal stability of the azobenzene polymers, we designed a new monomer to form the cyclic structure, benzoxazole, based on the azomethine structure. We synthesized two types of conjugated polymers having different types of comonomer units and investigated their optical properties as well as thermal stability. Initially, as we expected, it was found that the synthesized polymers have shown higher thermal stability than those of the corresponding azobenzene polymers. Moreover, the polymers show intense emission both in solution and film. Finally, upon heating, new emission bands originating from new excited species were discovered. Our strategy could be valid for expanding the applicability of stimuli-responsive materials in environmental changes.

With the growing demand for eco-designed surface technologies, self-stratifying coatings emerge as a sustainable and efficient alternative to conventional multilayer systems. These systems, based on one-pot formulations of incompatible polymers, enable the spontaneous formation of functional multilayer architectures in a single application and curing step, reducing raw material use, energy consumption, and processing complexity [1]. These last years, we designed self-stratifying systems for different applications, such as flame retardancy [2], fouling resistance and aerospace [3]. They were mainly based on oil-based and bio-based epoxies [4] combined with different polymers such as polyurethane, silicone and PVDF. A comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) revealed a significant reduction in environmental impact - up to 30% compared to traditional multilayer systems - due to the simplified processing and bio-based content [5].

Our research now focuses on self-stratifying coatings that incorporate dynamic covalent polymer networks, i.e. vitrimers. Two original self-stratifying coatings were designed, i.e. a bio-based vitrimer expoy/PVDF system [6] and a bio-based epoxy / vitrimer silicone system [7]. The first one demonstrates robust adhesion to metallic substrates, along with thermally triggered removability, allowing substrate recovery and potential material recyclability. The second shows excellent adhesion to plastics and self-repairing properties at room temperature.

This study paves the way for new generations of coatings combining sustainability, high performance, and smart functionalities, with promising applications in packaging, food processing, electronics, and aerospace sectors.

The effectiveness of intumescent paints, applied on different kind of substrates such as steel, wood and composites, has been extensively proven in various fields like building, transportation. Upon fire exposure, these protective paints containing 30 to 50 wt.% of flame retardant additives decompose leading to the development of an insulating expanded multicellular carbon structure [1]. Epoxy thermoset is one of the binders commonly used for such paints but it exhibits some limitations including maintenance issues following damage (impacts, scratches...) and end-of-life management limited by the lack of solution for separating the paint from the substrate. 

To tackle these issues, a promising strategy could be to use stimuli responsive binders such as covalent adaptative networks and particularly vitrimers. Vitrimers are able to change their topology by thermal activation of associative bond exchange reactions imparting them intrinsic recycling and healing abilities [2]. The development of an intumescent vitrimer coatings is however not straightforward since the high additives loading used in such coatings could impart the dynamic properties. In the literature, only few articles have investigated the impact of the presence of nanoparticles [3-8] or microsize additives [9] on the dynamic of the vitrimer matrix. 

In this study, we evaluate the potential of using epoxy vitrimer binders to replace the thermoset one in a classical intumescent paint formulation containing 50 wt. % of additives. Particular emphasis is given on the trade-off between fire and mechanical performances, as well as the processability and the dynamic properties of the network. We demonstrated in this work, the elaboration of an intumescent vitrimer coating exhibiting satisfying fire performances with dynamic kinetics of bond exchange reactions which could be further improved. 

Inspired by nature's sophisticated protein machinery—where self-assembly creates highly ordered nanostructures—researchers design artificial protein-based nanomaterials. Among these, protein-polymer conjugates integrate native protein activity with synthetic polymer versatility. We combined site-specific protein modification with advanced ATRP chemistry to develop an innovative self-assembly approach: site-specific in situ polymerization-induced self-assembly (SI-PISA). This method enables diverse protein self-assembly systems that preserve biological activity while significantly enhancing pharmaceutical properties, including pharmacokinetics, tumor targeting, and antitumor efficacy. In addition, we further developed a novel and efficient universal strategy leveraging a thermosresponsive deoxygenation agent, GOX-PDEGMA, for the synthesis and purification of protein–polymer conjugates under open-air conditions, and this strategy demonstrated excellent scalability, accommodating reaction volumes from 10 μL to 100 mL, and compatibility with monoclonal antibodies and cytokines, highlighting its potential for developing long-acting protein therapeutics, antibody-based drugs, novel vaccines, and in vitro diagnostic reagents. Building on these advances, we expanded its applications. This talk will also briefly introduce our recent works about using protein self-assemblies as remineralization template for enamel repair and multi-specific antibody platform for cancer therapy. 

Minerals, the naturally occurring crystalline chemical solids, comprising planet Earth underpin many societal advances. From the beginnings of humankind, Earth’s minerals have been essential for artistic expression, scientific and technological advances, and for the well-being of society. Prior to written language, paintings made of mineral pigments decorated caves. Personal adornment exploited a wide variety of mineral gemstones that continues today. Early Homo sapiens separated different minerals based on their physical properties, advancing uses for food gathering and protection. Utilization of these minerals defines the Ages of Humankind: Stone, Bronze, Iron and Technological ages [1]. Ben Franklin used the pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties of the mineral tourmaline for supporting his theory of electricity.  Diamond, nature’s hardest substance, is not only a highly prized gemstone but has a myriad of applications such as a substrate for electronics due to the exceptional 3D heat transporting properties. Two areas underscore the criticality of minerals to the science and technological needs leading to a more sustainable future.

The chemical constituents extracted from minerals power advances in the clean energy transition. Predictions indicate that total mineral demand from clean energy technologies will double to quadruple depending on the scenario [2]. Battery storage materials (lithium, graphite, cobalt, nickel, manganese) account for nearly half of the mineral requirements. Some minerals find application essentially as the occur, e.g. graphite and copper, whereas others are refined to extract their constituents; the critical elements needed across the spectrum of existing and proposed new technologies. As examples, rare earth elements (REEs), with unique properties essential to hybrid and electric cars, high-strength magnets for wind turbines and as components in solar photovoltaic cells, are housed in unusual minerals (RE phosphates) or adsorbed onto their surfaces (e.g. clays). Uncommon geochemical environments are required to concentrate these trace elements, with an average of ~169 𝜇g/g in the continental crust [3], into deposits that can be mined profitably. A 50% increase in demand is projected in 10 years [2]. REE deposits are not uniformly distributed across Earth’s surface, creating countries with few resources and those with abundant resources. Lithium, a critical element for batteries, is extracted largely from minerals and must similarly be concentrated into an extractable ore. Lithium is rare in the bulk silicate earth (~1.39 𝜇g/g on average) but concentrated in the upper continental crust from ~21 𝜇g/g to 7,000 𝜇g/g [4]. Of the 124 known Li minerals, about 73% are silicates of which about four occur in sufficient quantities to be mined. Nearly 50% of the world’s lithium derives from minerals in one country, Australia [4]. While many countries have reserves, also in brines, over 40 times the current demand will be needed by 2040 in the scenario of rechargeable batteries [2]. From aluminum to zinc, the elements extracted from minerals form the basis for advanced materials. The global energy transition has far-reaching consequences for mineral demand over the next few decades.

Geothermal energy is a sustainable and clean source of power that harnesses heat from within the Earth, typically involving circulation of hot fluids. However, understanding the long-term evolution of high-temperature geothermal systems remains challenging. Two primary approaches are used to investigate these systems: (1) numerical modelling of geothermal processes, and (2) analyzing minerals that form within the system. Geothermal (hydrothermal) systems are modelled as a complex interplay of non-linear thermal, mechanical, and chemical feedback among fluids and minerals [5]. Certain minerals can record thermal evolution by acting as natural thermometers. One such mineral is tourmaline, a chemically complex borosilicate that incorporates the fluid-mobile element boron. Tourmaline has an exceptional ability to capture geochemical and thermal conditions during its growth. Its crystallographic sectors partition chemical elements in a way that allows sector zoning to function as a mineral thermometer [6]. When geochemical conditions change rapidly, oscillatory zoning may develop, overlaying the intersector partitioning to create a detailed record of the system's thermal history. This approach is demonstrated by sector-, and oscillatory-zoned tourmalines from the Siglo XX hydrothermal system in Bolivia. Chemical analysis by the electron microprobe indicates that temperatures during tourmaline formation occurred at about 380°C, gradually dropped to around 300°C, and later rose again to approximately 470°C when growth ceased. Such findings showcase the power of mineral-based methods to reconstruct the thermal evolution of geothermal systems and complement traditional modelling techniques for understanding the system’s lifetime. As the world strives to a sustainable future, minerals play an essential role for the new, carbon-free, advanced technologies.

The rare-earth elements, comprising the lanthanides (La-Lu) plus scandium and yttrium, exhibit unique structural chemistry characterized by large ionic radii, high coordination numbers, and distinctive electronic configurations. The systematic decrease in ionic radius across the lanthanide series, known as lanthanide contraction, provides an opportunity to study structure-property relationships in crystal chemistry. In this study, the structural parameters across major rare-earth compound families are examined, including rare-earth sesquioxides, phosphates, garnets and perovskites focusing on how geometric constraints and ionic size effects dictate crystal structure preferences. The profound impact of lanthanide contraction on structural chemistry is demonstrated. Key findings include predictable trends in bond lengths, coordination numbers, and polymorphic transitions that correlate directly with ionic radius changes from La³⁺ to Lu³⁺. Distortion parameters increase systematically with lanthanide contraction, affecting optical and magnetic properties. These systematic trends demonstrate the power of comparative structural analysis in understanding and predicting rare-earth compound behavior. These quantitative structure-property relationships provide valuable tools for materials design and property optimization.

The famous "St. Mark's Lion" now located in the Piazzetta of Venice is probably the greatest enigma in the relatively sparse repertoire of great ancient bronzes. Representing the Venetian Winged Lion, a powerful symbol of statehood, the sculpture was installed during a time of political uncertainty in medieval Mediterranean Europe, yet its features do not reflect local artistic conventions. A critical re-assessment of the state of art, together with additional stylistic comparisons and historical considerations indicate in the ancient Chinese art styles and iconography used are the roots of the unusual facial features of the 'Lion'. The authors argue that stylistic parallels are found in Tang Dynasty China (AD 618–907).

Lead isotopes analyses (LIA) of the metal in the earliest cast parts of the statue strongly support the hypothesis of a Chinese origin, indicating that the figure was cast with copper isotopically consistent with ores from the Lower Yangtze River basin and thus creating a very early link across the Eurasian silk road [1]. The new involved narrative, therefore, surprisingly tells us about the possible import from China to Venice of an enormous statue of a winged hybrid monster, in the framework of the twelfth century official replacement of the Byzantine urban cult of St. Theodore with that of St. Mark [2][3].

Fly ash, a by-product of coal combustion in industrial energy production, is generated in substantial quantities at industries in Brunei Darussalam, with an estimated daily output of approximately 9 tonnes. This study presents a detailed mineralogical and physicochemical characterisation of fly ash samples collected from the facilities. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals quartz as the dominant mineral phase, with subordinate zeolites present. Thermogravimetric analysis confirms the thermal stability of the material, supporting its potential for reuse in construction applications. Physicochemical properties of the fly ash samples reveal moisture contents ranging from 2 to 60 wt%, pH values between 7.5 and 8.9, electrical conductivity (EC) from 450 to 3670 µS/cm, and redox potential (Eh) ranging from 163 to 250 mV, indicating moderately oxidising conditions. The material is classified as Class F under ASTM standards and Type F under CSA guidelines. BET surface area measurements indicate moderate porosity, which enhances its reactivity and supports its potential use in cementitious systems and as a sorbent material. These characteristics make the fly ash suitable for incorporation into bricks, concrete, and other geotechnical applications, contributing to sustainable construction practices. Moreover, due to its buffering capacity and mineral composition, the fly ash may also serve as a soil conditioner, potentially aiding in pH regulation and improving soil structure in poor agricultural soils. Trace element analysis indicates relative enrichment of certain elements, which may pose environmental concerns if not properly managed. While current data suggest manageable levels, further geochemical and leaching studies are required to fully assess long-term environmental risks and inform safe reuse strategies. This research highlights the importance of developing integrated waste valorisation frameworks and regulatory support to promote circular economy principles and sustainable industrial development in Brunei Darussalam.

Authigenic pyrite is prevalent in the sedimentary deposits of Brunei Darussalam, occurring in well-defined morphologies such as cubes, pyritohedra, octahedra, and framboidal textures. These sulphide minerals are commonly associated with clay-rich matrices and lignitic horizons, indicative of anoxic depositional environments enriched in organic matter that facilitate pyrite formation. Upon exposure, pyrite undergoes oxidation, often accelerated by microbial activity, producing native sulphur and gypsum. Pyrite oxidation releases Fe²⁺ which is oxidised to Fe³⁺ subsequently forming Fe-oxides such as goethite, hematite and limonite. These phases contribute to the reddish pigmentation of soils and act as cementing agents in arenitic sands, forming ferricrusts. The geochemical alteration of pyrite significantly lowers the pH of surrounding soils, resulting in acidic conditions that pose serious challenges to agriculture and aquatic ecosystems due to the discharge of acidified waters. This study elucidates the mineralogical evolution and environmental consequences of pyrite-bearing sediments in Brunei, underscoring the need for targeted mitigation strategies in acid sulphate soil landscapes.

Interest in materials exhibiting ionic conduction or mixed ionic-electronic conduction has increased during the last years owing to their great importance for energy and environmental applications, such as solid oxide fuel cells for converting chemical to electrical energy, solid oxide electrolyser cells for high-temperature electrolysis of water, and oxygen permeation membranes for chemical reactions. In memristic devices transport of ions due to an external electric bias modulates the electronic conductivity of the devices and renders possible multilevel resistive switching being the basis for neuromorphic computing. Perovskite oxides are regarded as key materials for the above energy applications and for memristic devices as well. 

We will discuss our ab initio studies of proton and oxygen ion transport in doped BaZrO₃ based on density-functional theory (DFT) and Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations [1,2]. In SrTiO₃ we found memristic behaviour triggered by transport of oxygen ions and resulting in filamentary switching or bulk switching depending on the experimental conditions [3,4]. Finally, we will discuss or recent findings on variable-range hopping of electrons in amorphous gallium oxide that also shows bulk resistive switching [5]. 

Tourmaline is the most significant borosilicate mineral in the Earth's crust due to its exceptional stability and its capacity to incorporate a wide range of elements from its surrounding environment. The general chemical formula of tourmaline is X Y₃ Z₆ T₆ (BO₃)₃ O₁₈ (V)₃ (W), where the most common substituents are X = Na, Ca, K or [  ] (X-site vacancy); Y = Al, Li, Fe²⁺, Mg, Mn²⁺, Fe³⁺, V³⁺, Cr³⁺, Ti⁴⁺; Z = Al, Mg, Cr³⁺, V³⁺, Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺; T = Si, Al, B; V = OH^1-, O^2- and W = F^1-, O^2-, OH^1- [1]. As a result, it serves as a robust recorder of the geochemical conditions under which it forms. Structurally, tourmaline is an asymmetric cyclosilicate that exhibits both pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties. It occurs in a diverse range of geological and geochemical settings. The temperature and pressure stability range of tourmaline extends from below ~150°C to over 900°C and from ~1 MPa to over 4 GPa, encompassing nearly the entire range of conditions found in the Earth's crust [2]. In addition to its thermal and baric stability, it has extreme mechanical durability and is an important detrital heavy mineral in clastic sedimentary environments for provenance. Once buried and heated in a metamorphic setting, this sedimentary tourmaline grain commonly serves as a nucleus for further tourmaline. As it develops in the metamorphic environment, the new metamorphic tourmaline changes its composition in response to the chemical environment. Further, once it is crystallized, it holds that compositions without homogenizing at elevated temperatures i.e. it is an exceptional record of the evolving chemical environment during metamorphism.

Two case studies showcase how tourmaline's chemistry and textures can be used to trace the geochemical and mineralogical evolution of metamorphic rocks, using imaging and micro-analytical data from the LSU Electron Microprobe. Case study 1 – Detrital tourmaline grains and their associated tourmaline overgrowths in 380 Ma low-grade clastic metasedimentary rocks from Maine, USA [3]. The chlorite-zone metasedimentary rocks contain tourmaline with three well-defined zones: a detrital core with a metamorphic overgrowth consisting of an inner mantle and an outer rim of an overgrowth.  The detrital cores were derived from a variety of source rocks, including low-grade siltstone, Al-poor metasandstone, medium-grade aluminous metapelite, low-Li granite, Li-rich granite, and calcareous metasediment. This diversity suggests a heterogeneous sedimentary input and complex provenance history. Metamorphic overgrowths reflect diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic processes. A diagnostic chemical trend is Mg replaces Fe²⁺ in the metamorphic overgrowths at a 1:1 ratio reflecting changes in the metamorphic environment with progressive metamorphism. Case study 2 – Tourmaline from a 550-500 Ma metamorphosed evaporite from Namibia [4]. Tourmaline from meta-evaporitic tourmalinites of central Namibia share compositional similarities with tourmalines from other meta-evaporite localities worldwide, suggesting a common geochemical process. The meta-evaporitic tourmalines are generally sodic, magnesian, moderately-to-highly depleted in Al, and enriched in Fe³⁺ with a diagnostic substitution of Fe³⁺ replacing Al at a 1:1 ratio. These latter tourmaline compositions reflect metasomatic processes that produced these unusual bulk compositions found in evaporite deposits and/or the influx of a reactive fluid that eliminated any earlier chemical signatures of meta-evaporitic fluids or protoliths. This chemical feature is attributed to the influence of oxidizing, highly saline, boron-bearing fluids that are associated with these meta-evaporite lithologies. These studies demonstrate the unparalleled geological history embedded in a crystalline solid.

 Staurolite-rich metapelites near Rangeley, Maine, USA, have three basic types of crystal size distributions that provide insight into the mechanisms that control nucleation and growth during metamorphism.  An early Devonian period of regional heating (M2 metamorphism) produced more or less equant staurolite about ½ cm in diameter that are evenly distributed throughout individual compositional layers in a hand specimen. These M2 staurolites were later affected by hydrothermal systems and thermal gradients related to intrusion of late Devonian plutons (M3 metamorphism).  Rocks with M2 staurolite located far from the M3 intrusions were rehydrated at M3 garnet and biotite grade conditions; rocks with M2 staurolite at an intermediate distance from the M3 intrusions were unchanged because M3 Tmax  was at staurolite grade conditions; and rocks close to the M3 intrusions  experienced prograde metamorphism at sillimanite grade conditions[1].  Late M3 (M3+) staurolite growth in the early M3 garnet zone is produced by heating due to small local intrusions or advective flow.  Heating due to late M3 intrusions produce many small (~0.1 mm) staurolites concentrated in early M3 chlorite + muscovite pseudomorphs after M2 staurolites; heating due to advective fluid flow produces large (~1cm) staurolites distributed randomly throughout a hand specimen irrespective to the location of early M3 retrograde pseudomorphs after staurolite. These different patterns are produced by differences in the scale of local equilibrium, which influenced staurolite nucleation and growth as the late M3 staurolite isograd was overstepped in the M3 garnet zone.  Rocks near late M3 intrusions, where the heating rate was rapid, but with little advective flow, had small domains of equilibrium.  This produced clusters of small crystals where nucleation was strongly influenced by local compositional heterogeneity due to chlorite + muscovite pseudomorphs after M2 staurolite.   Conversely, rocks where heat was advectively transported along late M3 fluid transport paths have large domains of equilibrium due to the advective transport, so fewer staurolites nucleated before significant growth began and nucleation patterns were unaffected by the local compositional heterogeneity due to the early M3 chlorite + muscovite pseudomorphs after M2 staurolite.  

Color is a defining characteristic of gem diamonds, influenced significantly by the presence of H3 (2N+V) and H4 (4N+2V) color centers. These defects impact both absorption and fluorescence, contributing to the attractive fancy yellow-green hues observed in some diamonds. H3 and H4 centers can form naturally in the Earth’s crust through long-term geological processes involving irradiation and annealing. However, they can also be artificially produced by exposing diamonds to high-energy electron beams followed by laboratory annealing. Distinguishing between naturally and artificially formed color centers is critically important for the gemological industry.

In this study, we report the occurrence of H3 and H4 centers in diamonds from a unique alluvial deposit in Africa. These diamonds, averaging approximately 3 carats in size, were found in quartz pebble and cobble conglomerates overlying the basal sediments of the Umkondo Group (1.11 Ga). The surfaces of the diamonds exhibited extensive green and brown radiation stains, indicating strong natural irradiation and annealing. As a result, significant concentrations of H3 and H4 centers were introduced, and some diamonds with appropriate nitrogen levels displayed fancy yellow-green coloration. This marks the first confirmed discovery of a diamond source consistently producing such naturally colored diamonds.

To compare with artificial processes, 17 colorless diamonds containing suitable nitrogen concentrations were irradiated using a 2 MeV electron beam and subsequently annealed at high temperatures. These treated diamonds also developed fancy yellow-green colors due to the formation of H3 and H4 centers.

Both natural and treated diamonds were extensively analyzed using a range of spectroscopic techniques, including infrared and UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy at liquid nitrogen temperatures using laser excitations at 830 nm, 633 nm, 532 nm, 514 nm, and 457 nm. The study identified distinct spectroscopic differences between natural and artificially treated diamonds, enabling reliable separation in gemological testing. While the formation mechanisms of H3 and H4 centers are fundamentally similar, differences in irradiation intensity, exposure duration, and annealing conditions—particularly the formation of additional lattice defects such as interstitials—play a key role in distinguishing the two origins.

Planets that orbit stars other than our sun are called exoplanets. Over 6,000 exoplanets have been confirmed in our galaxy. Hot Jupiters are a type of exoplanet that orbit very close to their star and are tidally locked, with a permanent daytime and nighttime side. Brown Dwarfs are a type of planet that are failed stars. Being the hottest exoplanets, these emit the most radiation and thus are a prime target for the James Webb Space Telescope. Silicates are a ubiquitous feature of aerosols on hot giant exoplanets ¹. WASP 17-b is a hot Jupiter with an orbital period of 3.7 days whose atmosphere was recently observed by James Webb Space Telescope to be dominated by quartz (SiO₂) nanocrystals, although magnesium-rich silicates were expected to be seen ². In the brown dwarf VHS 1256-1257b, the best fit models for spectroscopic observations were clouds of enstatite (MgSiO₃), forsterite (Mg₂SiO₄), and quartz (SiO₂) ³. Despite key silicate features in spectroscopy, it is not possible to determine complete atmospheric composition and cloud formation by astronomical observations alone, and particle formation in atmospheres must be modeled. A major factor in modeling atmospheres is condensation and nucleation, which is exponentially dependent on the species’ surface energy, with higher surface energies drastically hindering nucleation rates. Although the significance of surface energy measurements is evident, surface energies of several key species in hot giant exoplanets are not yet constrained by experiment. In this work, surface energies of likely exoplanet atmosphere condensates, including zinc sulfide (ZnS), crystalline and amorphous enstatite (MgSiO₃) ^4,5 were measured using oxide melt solution calorimetry  of appropriate nanoparticles. These are then input into a nucleation code that gives nucleation rates for these species. The surface energy of crystalline SiO₂ is much lower than that of the crystalline magnesium-rich silicates ^4,6, supporting the observation of silica in the atmosphere of WASP-17b, while the surface energies measured in our lab of amorphous enstatite and amorphous forsterite are much lower than their crystalline counterparts and closer to the surface energy of quartz. This suggests that the initial nucleation of MgSiO₃ in VHS 1256-1257b forms the amorphous phase. This research is of significant importance to the interpretation of observations of exoplanets. In particular, our research provides laboratory data of high relevance to a broad range of exoplanet atmospheres.

Earth's systems, in manifold ways, feature characteristic rhythmic patterns such as banded formations, layered and folded structures, diapirs or cockade ores that can range from just microns, and even sub-microns, up to kilometers in scale. This subject has been examined from a thermochemical/ thermomechanical perspective since time immemorial. 

Likewise, the physical perspective was for a long time limited to characterizing continuous changes in closed systems. The concept of self-organization (I. Prigogine, 1977), however, makes it possible to describe discontinuities as spontaneous sequential structure/texture formation. For this reason, the earlier approach in closed systems with given boundary conditions of existing "ideal gases" is abandoned, and instead, open systems with distributed components and properties (W. Ebeling, 1976) as well as available free energy are introduced. To enable spontaneous structure/texture formation, the open systems should be far from thermodynamic equilibrium.

Looking at closed systems, changes inevitably cause an increase in complexity and disorder (increase in entropy). In contrast, the concept of self-organization in open systems lays the foundation for changes paired with simultaneously increasing order and complexity by means of entropy export and energy dissipation in which phase transitions play an essential role. Precipitate patterns facilitated by solute reactions have been discussed in detail since the 1980s (P. Ortoleva, 1982). Another characteristic of open systems, the scale invariance, is formulated by H. Haken 1978 with his synergetics concept.

As the Earth´s system in general is considered as an open system comprising geochemical processes and geomaterials of all scales that changes because of the supply and withdrawal of energy, ordered structures and patterns are typical features in Earth´s universe of processes and remarkable rocks.

In this talk, radiolarite, malachite, reef limestone and banded iron-manganese deposits will be addressed as illustrating examples. Using the example of a recent early diagenetic mineral formation, the findings of experimental, theoretical, and numerical analyses will be looked at in detail unveiling access to desired minerals and valuable mineral resources. Finally, generalized results will be considered for future investigation.

Mg-Al spinel (MgAl₂O₄, MAS) is a common rock-forming mineral widely distributed in the upper mantle, crust, and extraterrestrial bodies [1]. The order-disorder transition (ODT) in spinel is a critical physical characteristic that significantly affects its properties and applications as a geothermometer for probing the thermal history of Earth and extraterrestrial bodies [2]. Although activation energy—a key thermodynamic parameter of ODT—is reported to be influenced by Cr content [3,4], the relationship between these two factors remains unclear. 

In this work, six natural Mg-Al spinel samples with varying Cr contents (419 – 6918 ppma) were studied. Each sample was cut into eight slices and heated to seven different temperatures (550–850 ^◦C) by a muffle furnace (model YFX9/16Q-YC), creating a stepwise increase in the degree of disorder. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra were subsequently collected at liquid nitrogen temperature (JASCO NRS7500 Raman spectrometer). 

The PL spectrum emitted by Cr in the samples consists of zero-phonon lines (ZPL) and phonon sidebands, with a spectral range between 13800 and 14640 cm^-1. The ZPL, located between 14500 and 14640 cm^-1, comprises R peaks (R₁ and R₂) and N peaks (n₅, N₂, n₃, and N₁). R₁ and R₂ are emitted by the Cr³⁺ ions around which the cation arrangement is ordered, while the disordered arrangement emits the N peaks. The intensity of the N peaks in the zero-phonon line range and the N₄ peak increased with increasing Cr content. 

By integrating parameters extracted from these spectra into a thermodynamic model, which we established in previous work based on the Arrhenius relationship [5], we calculated the ODT activation energies, which decreased from 335 to 163 kJ/mol as the Cr content increased. A quantitative relationship between activation energy and Cr content was established: Ea = − 0.03[Cr] + 356.28. As a result, we clarify the negative correlation between ODT activation energy and Cr content in Mg-Al spinel, which may be attributed to local structural distortion caused by the presence of Cr-pairs. 

This study provides a method to correct the influence of Cr content on ODT thermodynamic models, thereby enhancing the viability of spinel as geothermometers and deepening the scientific understanding of how elemental composition affects the thermal stability of spinel [6]. 

Today and globally, we experience considerable, urgent and critical challenges in all domains of sustainable development, which is a comprehensive and complex system of systems requiring multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary science and technology inputs with economic, environmental, and social objectives, and considerable scientific and technological innovation. In broad terms, sustainable development is achieved when the present needs and challenges are met without critical depletion of natural and manufactured resources and without placing in jeopardy the ability of future generations to meet their own needs and challenges. The trade space is very wide, and the multitude of trade-offs generate considerable challenges and make it often very difficult to achieve an effective balance, which is most beneficial to all concerned. During the last sixty years the planet’s population has grown exponentially, from 2 to almost 8 billion people, and the technological progress achieved has been tremendous, especially in the industrialized countries. These trends are expected to continue, even at faster rates. However, all these associated technological activities in the pursuit of better living standards have created a considerable depletion of resources and pollution of land, water, air, and natural resources, for the global population. Considerable achievements have been obtained in the development and deployment of transformative materials such as light weight metallic alloys, metal matrix composites, intermetallic and carbon fiber composites, and hybrid materials. Nano, nano-structured and nano-hybrid carbon-based materials systems and nanotechnologies are now being deployed with considerable impact on energy, environment, health, and sustainable development. This presentation presents perspectives of the global impact of innovation and transformative materials with a focus on nanomaterials and nanotechnologies with examples from several domains of sustainable development.

Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer and, as a result of its renewability, abundance, low cost and fascinating structure and properties, is being investigated to produce materials for water remediation [1]. Although cellulose is mostly used in the form of fibers and nanofibers, it can also be utilized in the form of particles at the micro and nanoscales [2], exhibiting large surface area and abundant surface hydroxyl groups that enable a variety of physical and chemical modifications [3]. In the present study, cellulose-based beads incorporating magnetic and catalytic nanoparticles (NPs) were developed for enhanced water treatment applications. The cellulose beads from wood pulp fibers were produced using a dual-fluid system, with one hemisphere functionalized with magnetite (Fe₃O₄) NPs and the other with platinum (Pt) NPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed their spherical shape and the two distinct surface topographies. Additionally, the resulting beads exhibited magnetic properties, auto-propulsion, and the potential to reduce the levels of organic pollutants, such as Rhodamine B. This dual-functional material presents a promising approach for advanced water treatment by combining magnetic and catalytic properties to enhance pollutant removal.

The global transition to low-carbon energy systems necessitates sustainable alternatives to conventional fossil fuel-based technologies. Hydrogen is a promising clean energy carrier; however, its current production methods, such as steam methane reforming, are associated with high greenhouse gas emissions [1]. Methane pyrolysis offers a low-emission alternative by thermally decomposing methane into hydrogen and solid carbon, without CO₂ as a by-product [2]. The use of catalysts in this process significantly lowers the required temperature for methane cracking, thereby improving the overall energy efficiency of the process. Liquid catalysts offer advantages over solid ones, as they avoid deactivation caused by carbon deposition [3]. The solid carbon formed during the reaction floats on top of the molten bath and can be easily removed. To date, research on liquid metal reactors has primarily focused on liquid non-ferrous alloys, such as nickel, copper, bismuth, and tin [4–6].

This study investigates the catalytic performance of iron–silicon–manganese alloys as liquid metal catalysts for the methane pyrolysis. The experiments were conducted in a lab-scale reactor and the main performance indicators evaluated were methane conversion and hydrogen yield under varying alloy compositions.

Results demonstrate that increasing the silicon content in the alloy significantly enhances methane conversion and hydrogen output. In contrast, the role of manganese remains inconclusive based on the available data. Post-reaction SEM analysis of the carbon product revealed contamination due to metal discharge from the catalyst, resulting in impurities that may limit direct carbon utilisation.

These findings highlight both the potential and challenges of using molten iron alloys in catalytic methane pyrolysis. Further research is required to optimise catalyst composition, minimise carbon contamination, and assess the scalability of this approach for industrial hydrogen production with integrated carbon management.

Ultrahigh- Amorphous highly conductive coatings Ti-Al-C, (Ti,Mo)-Al-C and (Ti,Cr)-Al-C were deposited on titanium alloy substrates by hybrid magnetron using T₂AlC and Ti₃AlC₂ MAX-phases-based targets and in parallel cathode-arc evaporation of Mo or Cr targets. The (Ti,Cr)-Al-C coating demonstrated the highest long-term oxidation resistance, and after heating in air at 600 °C for 1000 h, its surface electrical conductivity became even slightly higher after long-term heating: increased from s= 9.84×10⁶ S/m to s= 4.35×10⁵ S/m, which is explained by the crystallization of the amorphous coating during heating process. The nanohardness and Young's modulus of the coating after deposition were within 15 GPa and 240 GPa, respectively. The (Ti,Cr)-Al-C coating showed the highest electrochemical corrosion resistance among all deposited coatings in 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution at 25 °C: corrosion potential E_corr = 0.044 V vs. saturated calomel electrode, corrosion current density i_corr = 2.48×10^-9 A/cm². The hybrid magnetron deposited (Ti,Cr)-Al-C coatings can be used to protect interconnects in lightweight molten carbonate fuel cells elements.

Hydrogen is increasingly recognized as a critical vector in decarbonizing industrial energy systems. Its utilization as a fuel and reducing agent in sectors such as metallurgy and chemical processing has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance energy system resilience significantly [1]. However, conventional hydrogen production, e.g., via steam methane reforming, is associated with substantial CO₂ emissions, necessitating the development of more ecological alternatives [1]–[4].

Methane pyrolysis in metallic melts has emerged as a promising route for CO₂-free hydrogen generation [3], [5]. In this process, methane is decomposed in an oxygen-free atmosphere in the presence of a liquid-metal catalyst to form solid carbon and gaseous hydrogen [3], [5]. The process operates at a comparable specific energy demand to steam methane reforming but circumvents direct carbon dioxide formation [3], [4]. The pyrolytic carbon produced constitutes a potentially valuable co-product whose physicochemical properties strongly influence its marketability and the overall economic viability of the process [4].

This study focuses on the specific energy demand of methane pyrolysis in molten metals, combining theoretical analysis with experimental findings. The influence of the nitrogen and methane inputs on energy consumption is investigated in laboratory scale-ups. The results enable a comparison with conventional hydrogen production routes and provide critical insights for designing integrated methane pyrolysis systems aimed at sustainable hydrogen and carbon co-production.

Parts produced by additive manufacturing (AM) processes used metal powders are characterized by the high surface roughness. The potential applications of AM parts depend on suitable finishing technologies that ensure the surface quality needed to achieve the desired functionality and performance. Several post-processing methods have been evaluated, such as mechanical, electrochemical, chemical, laser, or their combinations. While these methods have reduced roughness, many of them could not to treat the entire surface of complex-shaped AM objects effectively and evenly [1, 2]. The paper focuses on the plasma-electrolyte process to treat the AM parts surface. In this process, the function of tool for reducing roughness is performed by electrical discharges between the machined surface and the electrolyte, and the internal movement of the vapour-plasma layer created by these discharges and evenly surrounds the entire treated object [3, 4]. 

The suitability of plasma-electrolytic process for surface post-processing and reducing roughness of objects produced by selective laser melting was verified on samples of AISI 316L steel printed on a Renishaw AM400 3D printer. Experimental work carried out on a 6 kW device with 4% electrolyte showed that the plasma-electrolytic process in anode mode can effectively reduce protrusions in the form of adhered particles and macroroughness of the complex-shaped objects’ surface from an initial average roughness of Ra 5–7 μm to 2–3 μm in 180 seconds, when the treated surfaces are characterized by high integrity and are free of oxide layers.

Ultrahigh-temperature, corrosion-resistant materials based on HfB₂ (melting point of HfB₂ - 3380 ^oC) have high thermal conductivity, high level of mechanical characteristics, high corrosion resistance in oxidizing atmosphere due to the ability to form protective, oxidation-resistant scales at elevated temperatures. They are promising for many ultrahigh-temperature applications, for example, for the manufacture of nozzles for aircraft and rocket engines that are in contact with aggressive gases at high temperatures, as well as for the manufacture of wing edges and fairings for supersonic aircraft, etc. It is known that the addition of SiC to HfB₂ can increase the mechanical properties of composite. The results of present investigations (obtained in the framework of III-5-23 (0786) grant from the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) showed that on the densification, mechanical characteristics and resistance toward ablation important role play sizes and quality of SiC initial powder used as addition. Such effect we observed both for the composites prepared under hot pressing conditions (30 MPa pressure) and conditions of high pressure (2 GPa) – high temperature. Our previous studies have shown that the use of high pressures and temperatures and hot pressing, and the addition of SiC to HfB₂ allowed us to achieve a level of mechanical properties of the resulting ceramic materials that, in terms of hardness and crack resistance, surpass the best world analogues. It was also shown that the addition of SiC significantly reduces the melting point and accelerates the oxidation kinetics upon heating. The microhardness, H_V, and fracture toughness, K_1C, (at an indentation load of 9.8 N) of the HfB₂-30 wt.% SiC(5-10 µm) composite material which was hot pressed (under 30 MPa) were H_V =38.6 ±2.5 GPa and K_1C =7.7 ±0.9 MPa m^0.5 when specific density 6.54 g/cm³ (and near zero porosity) was attained. For HfB₂-30 wt.% SiC(30-50 µm) porosity was about 17 % and H_V = 28.1 ±11.3 GPa and K_1C = 6.1 ±2.2 MPa m^0.5. Hot-pressed HfB₂ without additives exhibits H_V = 18.9 ±0.1 GPa and K_1C = 7.65 ±0.6 MPa·m^0.5, porosity 2.4% and specific density 10.79 g/cm³. Ablation tests in air of the samples of ultrahigh-temperature hot-pressed ceramics based on HfB₂ and HfB₂-SiC when heated with a gas burner (into which an O₂/C₂H₂ mixture was fed, and the distance to the sample surface was 13 mm) showed that HfB₂ ceramics with an additive of 30% by weight of SiC with a grain size of 30-50 μm and 5-10 μm turned out to be significantly more stable (up to 2066-2080 °C, respectively, at an internal mass of 0.25 mg/s) than ceramics with HfB₂ without the additive (cracked at 1870 °C). 

In this study, we present an experimental demonstration of metasurfaces capable of achieving light beam deflection at angles exceeding 75 degrees [1]. These advanced metasurfaces are engineered using high-aspect-ratio gallium arsenide (GaAs) nano-resonators fabricated on double-sided polished GaAs substrates. Operating in the reflective mode at a visible wavelength of 650 nm, the metasurfaces exhibit capabilities in manipulating both the direction and spatial structure of incident light beams. A key innovation in our design lies in the ability of these metasurfaces not only to redirect incoming light to large angles but also to encode complex phase profiles into the reflected wavefront. By incorporating vortex beam (VB) structured light with topological charges of up to 8, we demonstrate the generation of doughnut-shaped emission patterns with large-angle deflection [2]. The structured emissions clearly exhibit the helical phase fronts and central phase singularity characteristic of optical vortices, confirming the metasurfaces' capability to handle complex beam profiles. High-angle light steering is a critical challenge in flat optics, particularly for applications requiring compact, on-chip solutions for beam routing, optical interconnects, and spatial light modulation [3]. Conventional optical elements often require bulky geometries to achieve wide-angle deflection, making integration into miniaturized systems difficult. In contrast, our GaAs-based metasurfaces achieve wide-angle reflection, offering a promising route toward the miniaturization of high-performance photonic systems. The use of GaAs as the material platform brings several advantages. First, GaAs possesses a high refractive index in the visible spectrum, which facilitates strong light-matter interaction and efficient phase modulation at subwavelength scales. Second, the fabrication of high-aspect-ratio GaAs nano-structures allows precise control over the optical response, enabling the design of metasurfaces with high efficiency and sharp angular selectivity. Third, GaAs offers excellent compatibility with mature semiconductor fabrication processes, which is advantageous for scalable and cost-effective device manufacturing. To further investigate the versatility of these metasurfaces, we explored their broadband performance across a range of visible wavelengths. Our measurements reveal that the metasurfaces maintain strong deflection and phase control across a bandwidth of over 50 nm, highlighting their potential for use in applications requiring spectral tunability, such as multi-wavelength imaging, broadband holography, and wavelength-multiplexed communications. The successful integration of vortex beam generation with high-angle steering extends the functionality of metasurfaces into the domain of structured light manipulation. Vortex beams, characterized by their orbital angular momentum (OAM), are of increasing interest in a variety of fields, including optical trapping, microscopy, quantum information processing, and high-capacity optical communication. By demonstrating the co-generation of OAM beams and their deflection at steep angles, our work opens new avenues for designing compact OAM-based devices and systems. Moreover, the experimental results in this study represent a significant step forward in the development of multifunctional metasurfaces capable of combining beam steering, wavelength control, and complex field shaping. This multifunctionality is critical for the next generation of flat optics, where integrating multiple optical functions into a single layer can dramatically reduce system complexity and size while enhancing performance. In summary, we have demonstrated that high-aspect-ratio GaAs metasurfaces can serve as powerful tools for achieving high-angle light deflection and structured light generation, with the added benefit of broadband operation. These findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge in the field of nanophotonics and pave the way toward compact, efficient, and multifunctional optical platforms. As metasurface technology continues to mature, we anticipate that such devices will play an increasingly important role in applications ranging from augmented reality displays and laser beam shaping to advanced sensors and quantum photonic circuits.

The primary goal of this study is to investigate the potential of particular ionic liquids (ILs) in capturing CO₂ for the sweetening of natural and other gases. The solubility of CO₂ was measured in three distinct ILs, which shared a common anion (Triflate, TfO) but differed in their cations. The selected ionic liquids were {1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium triflate [BMIM][TfO], 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium triflate [BMP][TfO], and 1-Butyl-4-methyl-pyridium triflate [MBPY][TfO]}. The solvents were screened based on results from a molecular computational study that predicted low CO₂ Henry's Law constants. Solubility measurements were conducted at 303.15 K, 323.15 K, and 343.15 K, and pressures up to 1.5 MPa, using a gravimetric microbalance. CO₂ experimental results were modeled using the Peng-Robinson equation of state with three mixing rules. For the three ILs, the Non Random Two Liquid - WS mixing rule regressed the data with the lowest average deviation percentage of 1.24%. The three solvents had similar alkyl chains but slightly different polarities. [MBPY][TfO], with the largest size, exhibited the highest CO₂ solubility at all three temperatures. Calculation of its relative polarity descriptor (N) shows it was the least polar of the three ILs. Conversely, [BMP][TfO] showed the highest Henry's Law constant (lowest solubility) across the studied temperature range. Comparing the results to published data, the study concludes that triflate-based ionic liquids with three fluorine atoms have a lower capacity for CO₂ compared to bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Tf₂N)-based ionic liquids with six fluorine atoms. Additionally, the study provided data on the enthalpy and entropy of absorption. A final comparison shows that the ILs had a lower CO₂ capacity than Selexol, a solvent widely used in commercial carbon capture operations. Compared to other ILs, the results confirm that the type of anion had a more significant impact on solubility than the cation.

Among the leading candidates for efficient energy conversion, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) and Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cells (SOECs) enable, respectively, the utilization of (green) hydrogen for electricity and heat generation, and production of hydrogen and other e-fuels from surplus renewable energy [1]. However, their large-scale application is still limited by unresolved challenges, particularly long-term stability issues and sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions at lowered operating temperatures [2]. Current research therefore focuses on tailoring both chemical composition and oxygen electrode morphology, with the aim of simultaneously enhancing electrochemical performance and stability, especially for reversible cell operation [3]. The family of double perovskites with the general formula AA’B₂O_5+δ (A: lanthanides; A’: alkaline earth metals, typically Ba; B: 3d metal elements, usually, with high amount of Co) represents attractive properties for oxygen electrodes in SOCs [4].

In this study, a series of Gd_1-xSm_xBa_0.5Sr_0.5CoCuO_5+δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) (GSBSCCO) double perovskites were synthesized via sol-gel method and evaluated with respect to their structural and transport properties. Among them, the Gd_0.75Sm_0.25Ba_0.5Sr_0.5CoCuO_5+δcomposition exhibited the lowest polarization resistance (R_p = 0.087 Ω cm^-2 at 800 °C), as determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Owing to this promising performance, this composition was further synthesized in the form of nanofibers via electrospinning, since such architectures are known to promote mass and charge transport [5]. Surprisingly, enhancement of the electrochemical performance of the GSBSCCO|LSGM|GSBSCCO symmetrical cell, where La_0.8Sr_0.2Ga_0.8Mg_0.2O_3-δ(LSGM) was used as the solid electrolyte, was observed only when Ce_0.9Gd_0.1O_2-δ (GDC) was applied as a functional buffer layer. To better understand this phenomenon, a distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis of the EIS data was carried out, providing deeper insight into the performance of the electrodes and allowing for the identification of rate-limiting steps of electrochemical processes. The final step was to evaluate electrodes in the anode-supported button-type single cell with a Ni-Zr_0.92Y_0.08O_2-δ (YSZ) anode, YSZ electrolyte and GDC buffer layer. The considered cell achieved power densities of 0.46 W cm^-2 and 0.42 W cm^-2 at 700 °C with electrospun and sol-gel electrodes, respectively.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of solid oxide cells (SOCs) for the high-temperature co-electrolysis of CO2 and H2O, particularly when powered by excess electricity from renewable energy sources. This technology is regarded as one of the most promising for sustainable energy systems, offering high efficiency and the ability to generate syngas, a versatile intermediate for synthetic fuels and chemicals. Moreover, it enables efficient energy storage and the use of CO2 as a feedstock, aligning with circular economy principles and supporting deep decarbonization. High-temperature co-electrolysis in SOCs stands out compared to low-temperature electrolyzers by also enabling CO2 conversion, although it requires advanced catalysts and optimized operating conditions to avoid issues such as carbon deposition [1-3]. 
This paper presents the current state of research on catalytic materials and system configurations for the high-temperature co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2 in reversible SOCs. Key scientific challenges discussed include understanding the physicochemical nature of the co-electrolysis process on the fuel electrode and identifying the limiting factors of performance and stability. Development of advanced nanostructured catalysts, particularly those based on fluorite- and perovskite-type oxides, as well as composite systems that offer enhanced reactivity and chemical compatibility with Ni-YSZ cermets and YSZ electrolytes is presented. In addition to the material design, process optimization strategies such as catalyst infiltration into cells and electrode surface engineering are explored to improve the electrochemical performance and long-term durability. The work highlights the emerging methodologies and engineering pathways that form the foundation for next-generation high-efficiency co-electrolysis systems, while outlining the prospects for scalable implementation and integration with renewable energy technologies.

The sintering processes of TaB₂ and TaB₂ mixtures with 20 and 30 wt. % SiC, ZrSi₂, Si₃N₄, and MoSi₂ were investigated under hot pressing (HotP) conditions at 30 MPa, 1750-1970 °C, 0.33 - 1.0 h, and high pressure–high temperature (HP-HT) conditions at 4.1 GPa, 1800 °C, 0.33 h,, as well as TaB₂ and its mixtures with 20 and 30 wt.% SiC under spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 45 MPa, 1500-1950 °C, 0.05 h. The highest values of mechanical characteristics of single-phase TaB₂ samples were achieved after sintering by the HotP (1900 °C, 1 h) – Vickers hardness Н_V(9.8 N) = 32.4 ± 0.1 GPa (density r =11.8 g/cm³) and SPS (1950 °C, 0.05 h) - Н_V(49 N) = 20.8 ± 2.0 GPa and K_1C(49 N)= 7.6 ± 1.6 MPa•m^0.5 (r =11.75 g/cm³). A significant improvement in Young's modulus from 532 GPa to 853 GPa was achieved by adding 20 wt.% SiC and HotP at 1900, 1 h. By sintering mixtures with 30 wt.% SiC using the HP-HT and SPS methods at 1800 °C for 0.13 and 0.05 h, respectively, the following materials were obtained: with Н_V(9.8 N)= 39.4 GPa and K_1C(9.8 N)=6.75 MPa•m^0.5 (HotP) and Н_V(49 N)=25.4±2.1 GPa and K_1C(49 N)=10.8±0.8 MPa•m^0.5 (SPS). The variation in the properties of the materials upon addition of additives is explained by the formation of solid solutions due to the diffusion during sintering of the present elements and different porosity. When adding 30 wt.% SiC after HotP (1900 °C, 1 h), the approximate stoichiometric composition of the matrix phase of the sample estimated by SEM EDX was TaB₂Si_0.5O_0.06.

When harmful levels of pollution are caused, victims should be entitled to compensation from the polluter. For people to win a lawsuit claiming they were harmed by pollutants in the environment, they have to prove that there was a causal link between their contact with those pollutants and the harm they suffered, such as respiratory damage or other illnesses. While epidemiological evidence often supports these plaintiffs, it typically addresses type-level causation, which diverges from the courts' demand for token-level causation. This conceptual distinction carries significant practical implications, especially for the burden of proof.

Judea Pearl demonstrated that even if type-level causation is established through statistical adjustments for confounding variables, these methods aren't enough to make probabilistic claims about token-level causation [1]. Nevertheless, legal professionals often misapply findings from population-level studies, assuming they can be directly applied to individual cases without making the necessary additional assumptions. Should this discrepancy arise, victims who are legally entitled to compensation may be denied a compensatory award by the courts, or, in turn, parties who contributed to the pollution may incur disproportionate liability.

We'll begin by clarifying the decision criterion for assessing type-level causation in legal practice. We'll then explore why this criterion doesn't correctly determine token-level causation, which is an essential step in assigning liability among those allegedly contributing to pollution. Finally, we propose an improved framework for assessing the probability of token-level causation. We believe this framework also offers guidance in areas such as drug-related harms and industrial accidents, where epidemiological evidence is frequently employed.

AI is transforming all levels of society and every profession. It also impacts our interface on a human level. These intersect in the attorney-client relationship. How will it change? Not just document production, and administrative tasks, but the delivery of advice and the training that goes into providing that advice. This section will explore the nature of the attorney-client relationship today, and how it will be viewed 5-10 years from now.

The 17 Sustainability Goals of the United Nations form an international basis for measuring the action taken by countries - poor, wealth and middle income - to promote prosperity while protecting the planet. They recognise that ending poverty must go hand-in-hand with adoption of strategies to build economic growth and address a range of social needs, including health, social protection and education, while tackling issues such as climate change and environmental protection.

The third of the goals relates to "Good Health and Well-Being". Amongst other things, it affirms the commitment to end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other communicable diseases by 2030 and it aims to achieve universal health coverage and provide access to safe and affordable medicines and vaccines for all.

However, it has become apparent that there is a long way to go to realise these objectives. Moreover,  the COVID-19 pandemic has impeded progress  and childhood vaccination rates have latterly suffered a significant decline and tuberculosis and malaria cases have increased as against pre-pandemic levels. Recent political developments in relation to the provision of aid and the manufacture and distribution of medications internationally may also affect the achievement of Sustainability Goal Number Three.

This paper reviews issues relating to the achievement of Sustainability Goal Number Three, including by reference to the 2025 amendments to the World Health Organisation's International Health Regulations and its 2025 Pandemic Agreement. It also reviews key international decisions by superior courts in relation to  in public health law, reflecting on the extent to which the right to health and the Sustainability Goal in respect of health are achieving progress in enhancing member States' provision of adequate health care, including in the event of another, potentially worse, pandemic.

In this paper, I deal with the principle of sustainable development, as containing the principle of proportionality, in the context of the liability of company managers for the tax debts of companies from the imposition of environmental taxes and related sanctions, after a relevant research of court judgments (through electronic legal information databases). The aim is to investigate whether the enhancement of sustainable development is achieved through the mandatory collection of environmental taxes and environmental fines of companies from their managers, as third parties. The first part of the paper refers to the liability of company managers for the tax debts of the latter [1], where the relevant legislative framework of the Greek Tax Procedure Code and the relevant case law are presented [2] and the issue of the liability of company managers for the failure to submit the companies' sustainability reports is highlighted, as well as the issues of their judicial protection (1). Subsequently, the limitation of the rights of company managers by their aforementioned joint and several liability is commented on, especially with regard to the right to property/ownership and the right to effective judicial protection (2). Finally, the possibility of protecting the environment through taxation and tax sanctions is examined, where I propose the term “Tax Environmental Law” with sustainable development [3] as the main axis through fair taxation (3). In conclusion, my proposals de lege ferenda are presented. Ultimately, it is concluded that it is in accordance with the principle of proportionality to impose environmental taxes and related sanctions in order to protect the environment [4], within the framework of the principle of sustainable development. In relation to the aforementioned liability of company managers, it is proposed to interpret the legislative provisions on joint and several liability by applying the principle of proportionality. Thus, the unconditional liability of company managers for the tax debts of companies by their mere capacity is not acceptable, but the "causal connection" of the tax debt and the related liability must be proven by the tax audit bodies, without a reversal of the burden of proof. Otherwise, the joint and several liability of company managers would act as a deterrent to the undertaking of the management of companies, with adverse consequences for the economy and the "market". By applying the principle of proportionality, the restrictions on the individual rights of those managing companies for the tax debts of companies will be limited, to the point where the "hard core" of their individual rights is not affected, while at the same time the public interest objective is achieved. This objective is the enhanced protection of the environment [5], without affecting the economic and business freedom of taxpayers, in order for the "market" to function smoothly with elements of free competition. It is therefore understandable that the goal is to promote economic development, under the condition of environmental protection and it is emphasized that "economic development" and "environment" should operate complementary and balance. This is achieved through the effective operation of the principle of sustainable development.   

Internationally, the world was caught significantly by surprise by COVID-19. Public authorities needed to learn many lessons but so too did the evolving discipline of public health law and how best the balance can be achieved between protection of vulnerable populations and subpopulations and respect for individual rights and liberties. The World Health Organization in 2025 has attempted to synthesise some of these lessons in the “Pandemic Treaty”.

This paper reviews key decisions by superior courts in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia,  and New Zealand to identify the trends and lessons needing to be learned by public health law. It is upon these precedents that jurisdictions will draw when the next pandemic challenges the role of government, epidemiology and clinical interventions. Internationally, diverse approaches have emerged. However, measures will need to be taken that encroach upon rights and liberties in an attempt to achieve publicly acceptable legislative and interpretative balances when global threats to health re-emerge. Again, governments will be required through laws and interpretation of laws to grapple with proportionality of responses during a time of crisis. Once more measures such as lock-downs, quarantining, curfews and impediments to freedom to movement, assembly and practice of religion will become controversial and lives will depend upon the capacity of governments, locally and internationally, to command community confidence and secure popular co-operation with measures that in ordinary circumstances would be wholly unacceptable.

This paper reflects on the role of government in public health crises and also the emerging jurisprudence on public health law to provide guidance and protection during pandemics and public health crises of international concern (PHEICS). It wrestles with competing considerations and argues that extraordinary health circumstances require extraordinary responses provided that they are time-limited, transparent and proportionate. It does so by reference to international decisions by courts that have been called upon to evaluate such issues during the course of of the COVID-19 pandemic. Only by learning from past pandemics will respion se to future pandemics be community-acceptable and efficacious.

In the era dominated by digital platforms, knowledge workers and companies grapple with challenges concerning the value of their work, copyright, distribution, and authorship. Urgent questions arise regarding the devaluation of human creative work through AI interventions and the lack of harmonization in the meaning of authorship under copyright laws across differing jurisdictions. How do existing legal frameworks adapt to the nuances of AI-generated content, and to what extent do they safeguard the integrity and dignity of human-authored works and value? As AI contributes to the creative processes of individuals and organisations, who holds authorship and subsequently ownership in AI generative works, and how can this be reconciled with traditional notions of creativity and intellectual property? What do we understand by creativity in a work environment where artificial and human intelligence are increasingly integrated. This paper responds to these inquiries. 

The paper introduces a new idea for a sui generis right in generative AI works and how such a right could be operationalised in copyright law. Also, the paper looks at the different actors who may hold ownership from users of AI platforms to developers, and legal persons through works made for hire or in the course of employment. The paper completes an in-depth analysis of legislative forums and regulatory frameworks related to AI, copyright, and authorship within the UK, EU, and US. The methodology is doctrinal, comparative, and socio-legal for assessing the effectiveness of copyright/competition regulations in relation to AI, identifying gaps, and proposing solutions.  

Also, the paper explores the significant implication for the training of AI applications: During the process of creating and training an AI application, if copyright-protected works as well as copyright-free works in the public domain are used in the process of training generative AI, copyright infringement in derivative or transformative works could arise and this could be classed as infringing in several jurisdictions despite fair use or fair dealing as exceptions to copyright being in place. 

The paper concludes by posing the question of whether current copyright laws in the UK, EU, and the US have now become redundant in the era of AI, blockchain and SMART contracts—is current jurisprudence sufficient to meet the challenge of user generated works or are end user derivative and transformative works smashing through the copyright ceiling? Is there a need for a completely new sui generis right for works created entirely by generative AI where no human has facilitated the work? In answering these questions, the Author will be drawing from his own recently funded UK Arts and Humanities Research Council research on copyright in the digital domain.  

Αs provided by CSRD (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive) companies operating within the European Union, will gradually produce - beginning this year - their first sustainability reports under unified ESRS (European Sustainability Reporting Standards), ensuring that all corporations “speak the same language when telling their sustainability stories”.

However – ironically - just as ESG was about to reach its long –awaited widespread adoption, the European Commision, by its Omnibus  proposal (https://omnibus.gr)  now seems to set a turning back, regarding obligatory ESG reporting, by providing:

1. the postponement of entry into application - by 2 years - for large companies and listed SMEs (wave 2 and 3) and
2. the limitation of the scope of the reporting only to large corporations (with more than 1.000 employees and either a turnover of over EUR 50 million or a balance sheet above 25 million. ) .

On the other hand, a recent breakthrough KPMG survey (”KPMG 2024 Global ESG Due Diligence” study/ https://kpmg.com) showed that four out of five dealmakers globally, indicate that ESG considerations are on their Mergers +Aquisitions agenda, with 45% of them encountering a significant deal implication, as a result of a material ESG due diligence finding (with more than half of these experiencing a "deal stopper").

Thus, ignoring ESG risks could lead to serious deal implications.

Helsinki - based “Upright” company  (https:// www.uprightproject.com) has just launched a groundbreaking platform designed to quantify the impact of ESG risks and opportunities – such as climate change, pollution, and business conduct – on key financial metrics including revenue, operating profit, profit before tax, company assets, liabilities, cash flow movements.

Τhus, ignoring ESG risks is translated into tangible financial metrics.

Rating agencies, once focused solely on financial fundamentals, have expanded their methodologies to recognize the direct impact of ESG factors – such as corporate corruption or rising sea levels caused by climate change – on credit default risk.

Thus, ignoring ESG risks is increasingly seen as credit misjudgement.

By the above mentioned latest tools ( (KPMG survey, platform, ratings) it is clearly shown that ESG issues, aren't just qualitative concerns but are also translated into tangible, financial metrics, leading to serious business implications for the companies.

Thus, ignoring ESG factors in business decisions is increasingly proved as financially highly irresponsible.

Therefore, despite the proposed changes of  Omnibus I - by which the obligatory reporting may be delayed for some companies, nevertheless, the corporations should, necessarily still adhere to the (voluntary) reporting, as a strategic tool - focusing on the two - dimensions analysis (double materiality) still provided in CSRD, by which they will trace the impacts, risks and opportunities on ESG issues - enabling them to accordingly plan their future (financial) sustainable strategies.

Concluding, ESG should be regarded as a valuable, priceless strategic tool - far beyond a regulatory compliance framework.

The intersection of law and sustainability is no longer just a theoretical debate. It is an urgent, evolving reality. Legal professionals today face not only the traditional challenges of meeting increasing compliance demands but also the pressing need to address sustainability challenges that encompass human rights, environmental risks, and ethical business practices. 

For decades, lawyers have approached addressing legal issues through the lens of existing statutes, regulations, and fiduciary obligations. This conventional framework, however, often overlooks a growing and critical dimension: sustainable business practices. The universal adoption of sustainable frameworks (for example, the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights) combined with mounting legal disclosure requirements calls on lawyers to take a proactive role in understanding how to apply these principles when providing legal advice and apply them to their own legal companies. Those who fail to adapt risk being left behind in an era increasingly defined by accountability and transparency. 

The Challenge Facing the Legal Profession 

The legal profession today operates in a rapidly shifting landscape, shaped by global sustainability initiatives such as the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) and climate-focused directives, such as the European Union’s Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). Yet, the traditional training that most lawyers receive leaves them underprepared to address sustainability-related complexities. 

Some of the key hurdles legal professionals face include:

• Lack of training in identifying and advising on sustainable risks, human rights impacts, and understanding the role of disclosure in mitigating risk.
• Resistance to mindset shifts, where traditional legal counsel prioritises reducing risks instead of aligning legal advice with global best practices.
• Complex disclosure demands, such as mandatory human rights due diligence laws in the EU and beyond, which require comprehensive legal oversight of broader sustainability issues.
• Role ambiguity, with clients increasingly expecting lawyers to go beyond black-letter law and act as strategic advisors on sustainability initiatives.

These challenges, while daunting, are also an opportunity for the legal profession to redefine its role in advancing sustainable progress. 

This presentation will explore these issues in more detail, providing examples on how the legal profession should evolve. It will cover issues, such as understanding sustainability in the context of the legal profession, navigating mandatory disclosure requirements and considerations for law firms and lawyers to expand their practice areas to meet the requirements of the sustainability agenda. 

•   https://www.ardeainternational.com/resources/publications/modern-slavery-and-transparency-in-supply-chains-the-role-of-business/
• IBA guidance note on business and human rights – downloaded here: https://www.ibanet.org/document?id=English-Updated-IBA-Guidance-Note-on-Business-and-Human-Rights-role-of-lawyers-apr-23
• UN Guiding principles on business and human rights : https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/guidingprinciplesbusinesshr_en.pdf

This paper intends to provide foreign conference participants with a systematic overview of China's labor and employment - related laws and regulations. Starting with the recent labor incident at BYD's Brazilian plant to spotlight labor rights protection, it delves into the legislative background, purpose, and scope of application of China's Labor Law and Labor Contract Law, with an emphasis on key aspects of the Labor Contract Law. It also explains the deferred compensation and performance clawback systems in China's financial sector and outlines the procedures for resolving labor disputes, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and litigation, to present the current state and characteristics of China's labor and employment legal framework for international labor law exchange.

In China, despite clear labor laws and regulations, excessive overtime work is prevalent across various industries. According to data from China's National Bureau of Statistics, the average weekly working hours for employed persons in urban units reached 48.5 hours in March 2025, exceeding the statutory standard working hours. The statutory standard in China is 8 hours per day and 40 hours per week, with a monthly overtime cap of 36 hours. However, during peak seasons in the manufacturing and construction industries, weekly working hours often surpass 50 hours. The "996" work schedule prevalent in the technology and internet industry entails working up to 72 hours per week. Although China's Supreme People's Court explicitly ruled the "996" system illegal in 2021, and some large tech companies have made adjustments, excessive overtime persists due to factors such as regulatory enforcement and workplace culture. Against this backdrop, gaining an in-depth understanding of China's labor laws and regulations is of significant importance.

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) states that the fourth pillar of international nuclear law is liability compensation.  A number of initiatives since the accident at Chernobyl in 1986 have worked to strengthen the international liability regime.  One such initiative is the Convention on Supplemental Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC).  This paper will summarize the objectives of the CSC created separate from the existing Vienna or Paris liability conventions. 
Opened for signature in 1997 as a free-standing instrument, the United States ratified the CSC in 2008.  The CSC went into effect in 2015 when it was ratified by Japan as the sixth party because the installed capacity of treaty members exceeded four hundred gigawatts of thermal power.  Several other nations have accepted the CSC; currently there are eleven contracting parties and another eleven signatories that have not yet ratified it.
After exploring the history of the CSC, this paper will explore its terms.  The CSC requires a State Party to accept the higher compensation amounts, including participation in an international fund, a broader definition of nuclear damage, and the updated jurisdiction rules that agree to litigate in the courts of the nation where the incident occurred.  The provisions of the CSC on these matters take precedence over any similar provisions in other nuclear liability instruments to which a Nation might adhere.  The CSC established two tiers of compensation with the first tier that specified the minimum amount that a State must make available under its national law to compensate for nuclear damage.  A second tier is provided by other parties in the event of nuclear damage that exceeds the first tier.  Each nation’s contribution varies depending on the number of operating plants in the nation at the time the second tier is called.
With that foundation, the paper will explore the benefits and drawbacks parties considering accepting the CSC face.  A global nuclear civil liability regime would promote international trade in peaceful use of nuclear technology by bringing more predictability to the market. It would also encourage improvements in civilian nuclear plant safety by helping ensure sharing of improved nuclear safety technology to all nations. Lastly, the CSC's creation of a supplementary international fund is expected to help ensure that potential victims of a civil nuclear incident overseas will be adequately compensated compared to the dismal compensation provided after the Chernobyl accident. 
Any nation considering entering or expanding its participation in commercial nuclear technology whether as a user or a supplier should weigh its options for upholding the fourth pillar of international nuclear law.  Joining the CSC is one option to weigh, and this paper will help inform that choice.
 

Children and adolescents are recognized as rights-holders and active participants in judicial proceedings that affect them, in accordance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, particularly the right to be heard (Article 12). However, effective participation is often hindered by linguistic, cognitive, and communicational barriers, limiting comprehension and meaningful engagement in hearings where children are parties rather than mere witnesses.

This paper explores the potential of child-friendly artificial intelligence (AI) tools to facilitate understanding and communication during judicial processes involving minors. AI applications such as interactive plain-language interfaces, automated translation systems, and sign-language recognition aim to enhance children’s comprehension of legal procedures, support expression, and strengthen agency in alignment with their procedural rights.

The study adopts a comparative doctrinal and normative methodology, analyzing legal frameworks in Latin America and benchmark jurisdictions (EU, Canada, Australia) to assess whether current procedural laws support or could be adapted to accommodate AI-assisted participation. Ethical, privacy, and due-process considerations are evaluated to propose guidelines and safeguards for AI integration in judicial contexts.

Preliminary findings indicate that while most jurisdictions do not yet regulate technological accommodations for child participants, the normative foundation in international and regional human-rights instruments supports their introduction. The paper concludes that child-friendly AI, when implemented with adequate safeguards, can reduce structural barriers, promote effective access to justice, and uphold the right of children to be heard, reinforcing their dignity and participation in legal processes.

The alliance of the two giants, Brazil and China, has brought many tangible results to both countries. This is especially true during this unstable world of tariff wars.

As the USA and Brazil are competitors — large exporters of grains and animal proteins to China — tariff wars between the USA and China always benefit Brazil.

The spectacular advance of Brazilian agriculture has made the country a breadbasket to the world. As such, Brazil is vital to guarantee the food security of the Chinese people. Brazil also supplies the strategic minerals China needs to power its industrial production and technological advances.

In just one year, the trade surplus in Brazil’s favor during 2024 reached US$ 79.8 billion. Chinese companies are bringing advanced technology to Brazil, and China is helping build its much-needed infrastructure, which is the basis for the development of any country.

This paper explores the existing opportunities and mechanisms for Paraguayan exports to the Chinese market despite the lack of formal diplomatic relations between the two countries. The main objective is to demonstrate, based on the practical experience of the Paraguay-China Chamber of Industry and Commerce, that direct market access to China is possible. While no formal academic methodology was applied, the study draws from real cases of Paraguayan companies that have successfully obtained the GACC license, required by the Chinese government for foreign exporters. In conclusion, the diplomatic barrier does not equate to a ban on trade. Paraguay can strategically position itself in the Asian market and offer its products and services through legal and recognized channels in China.

Green ammonia is increasingly recognized as a key energy vector for advancing the global transition towards a low-carbon economy. Produced by combining green hydrogen—obtained through water electrolysis powered by renewable energy—with atmospheric nitrogen via the Haber-Bosch process, it offers a sustainable alternative to conventional ammonia derived from fossil fuels. This innovation plays a dual role: reducing the carbon footprint of fertilizer production and serving as a clean fuel for international maritime transport.

The purpose of this work is to examine the potential of Paraguay to develop a competitive green ammonia industry by leveraging its renewable energy resources and to analyze its implications for sustainable economic growth and integration into international trade. The specific objectives are: (i) to highlight the role of renewable energy as the foundation for competitive green ammonia production, (ii) to evaluate Paraguay’s unique position as a hydroelectric-based economy with surplus clean energy, (iii) to explore the logistical feasibility of transport along the Paraguay-Paraná waterway to global markets, and (iv) to assess the economic and social impact of this new industry on national development.

The methodology applied consists of a descriptive and comparative analysis of international reports (IEA, IRENA, IMO) and academic studies on hydrogen, renewable energy, and fertilizers. Variables considered include renewable electricity availability and cost, electrolysis efficiency, water resource access, and projected global demand for sustainable ammonia in agriculture and shipping.

The findings indicate that Paraguay, with more than 95% of its electricity generated from renewable hydropower, holds a strategic comparative advantage for large-scale green ammonia production. By exporting this product through its fluvial corridor to international markets, Paraguay could diversify its economy, attract foreign direct investment, and generate highly skilled jobs. Furthermore, green ammonia exports would strengthen the country’s role as a renewable energy exporter in molecular form, directly linking sustainable resource management with economic growth.

In conclusion, the development of a green ammonia industry in Paraguay represents not only a technological and environmental innovation but also a comprehensive strategy for economic growth, industrial diversification, and sustainable integration into global trade. This positions Paraguay as a key contributor to international climate commitments while simultaneously fostering its national development agenda.

This study investigates the impacts of disruptive chaos on the traditional structure of the value chain proposed by Michael Porter. In contexts marked by accelerated technological innovations, system collapses and unpredictable market transformations, support activities have been assuming central positions in value generation, while the boundaries between suppliers, competitors and customers become increasingly fluid.
The term disruption proposed by Clayton Christensen (1997) refers to a significant interruption or disturbance in a sector, industry or existing business model, often caused by the introduction of new technologies, innovative ideas, which change the established dynamics. Disruption involves the introduction of radical innovations that break existing business models and do not represent just an incremental improvement, but a paradigm shift that redefines the way the market operates
The term “disruptive chaos” can be understood as the combination of disruption and instability, and we can use it to describe moments or processes in which the rules of the game are abruptly broken to generate profound transformation in traditional business models, leading to new business structures.
In conditions of disruptive chaos, characterized by high uncertainty, structural disruptions, and accelerated changes, the traditional value chain proposed by Porter — based on a clear distinction between primary and support activities — loses its hierarchical rigidity. Disruptions can alter the sequential and functional logic of the model, causing a role reversal between activities.

The objective of this article is to understand how value chains are reconfigured under conditions of extreme instability and what strategies emerge in response. The expected results include an updated analytical model that allows understanding and navigating business dynamics in scenarios of high uncertainty.
 

As an emerging concept in economics and business, regeneration straddles the blurred lines between allied concepts of sustainability and the circular economy. Whereas sustainability is about the balance of the so-called triple bottom line, and whilst circularity progresses a step further by looping back waste as inputs to the production process, the regenerative economy and business models promote ecological integrity by ensuring planetary provisions and societal wellness. This is done through its replenishment or restorative or rebuilding function. Replenish means to fill again what has been used up, restore is to put or bring back to an original state while rebuild is to reconstruct something that has been damaged or destroyed. The latter two terms of restoring and rebuilding have common elements though with the other Rs of the circular economy such as repairing, refurbishing, or remanufacturing, where some form of restoration and rebuilding transpires. Replenishment therefore is the more appropriate eleventh R added to the 10 Rs of the circular economy comprising Refuse, Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, Repair, Refurbish, Remanufacture, Repurpose, Recycle and Recover introduced by Potting & Hanemaaijer (2018).

The need to replenish resources is crucial due to the limits on production imposed by the earth’s carrying capacity. In ecological terms, carrying capacity is defined as the maximum number of a species that can sustainably live or thrive in a given area.  In other words, a population’s carrying capacity is the size at which a population can no longer grow due to the lack of supporting resources. The carrying capacity is defined as the environment's maximal load, which in population studies correspond to the population equilibrium, when the number of deaths in a population equals the number of births (including immigration and emigration).  Hence, it is imperative to transcend circularity that reduces waste to regeneration that warrants that the planet’s carrying capacity is not breached.

As for regenerative business, this paper uses the concept of business models with respect to the elements of a business model proposed by Richardson (2008), Teece (2010), and Osterwalder & Pigneur (2005, 2011) comprising value proposition (marketing), value creation (R&D and production), value delivery (supply chain and logistics) and value capture (finance). The sustainability dimension to business models were introduced by Bocken et al. (2014) with eight archetypes classified into three groupings of mechanisms and later expanded on by Clinton and Whisnant (2014) with 20 distinct sustainable business models grouped into five categories, and Toth (2019) with 15 sustainable business movements. Using this conceptual framework, this research introduces a new typology of regenerative business models, circular production and circular consumption business models and will use a qualitative approach of selected case studies of regenerative business models juxtaposed with the circular business models to showcase the differences using environmental, social, and economic indicators.  The case studies of 54 enterprises cover two highly polluting sectors —fashion and construction — in three countries, namely, the Netherlands, France, and Germany, which are among the top EU polluters in both sectors. The methodology involves scoring the case companies using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) where the sustainability indicators serve as criteria to produce an overall triple bottom line (TBL) score (for people planet and profit) following Elkington (1994) that represents balanced sustainability. Each of the elements of the business models from value proposition, value creation, value delivery and value capture will be scored on the indicators for the three dimensions of sustainability. 

A conclusion on the benefits of regenerative versus circular economy business models in terms of the triple bottom line will be made with some policy implications drawn, using lessons learned from the case studies including improvements in materiality indicators needed to measure the concept of regeneration. Overall, regenerative business models reveal more balanced sustainability in almost all case companies compared to circular models due to value creation across the entire chain from upstream suppliers to downstream consumers.

This paper will focus on the issue of financing for peace and the various initiatives of mostly multilateral institutions and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to help fund conflict-driven countries and territories that are obstacles to the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study is mostly qualitative in approach and uses secondary data through internet searches and data mining of relevant sources. 

Throughout world history, a huge treasury was needed to finance wars. This is mostly done through taxation, borrowing mostly through war bonds (or liberty bonds) and printing of money, which was not only inflationary but also led to the collapse of the gold standard. The latest Ukraine-Russia war showcases how new financing innovations like cryptocurrencies were used by both sides to not only finance the war for Ukraine but to bypass the economic sanctions as well imposed by the West on Russia. But if war is financed, so can peace. The first historically known initiative for peace financing was the Marshall Plan or European Recovery Program which was a $13.3 billion aid package instigated by the USA in 1947 to help reconstruct Europe from the ravages of the Second World War but also to establish American hegemony which was threatened by the spread of communism at that time.

The first part of this paper is devoted to a literature review of the case for peace by looking at the state of conflicts and war besetting the world to date to set the tone for the need for peace financing. The Geneva Academy lists about 114 armed conflicts on its website as of 2022 with about 45 in the Middle East and North Africa; 35 in Africa; 21 in Asia; 6 in Latin America; and 7 in Europe. The deteriorating trend of peacebuilding is confirmed by the Global Peace Index of 2023 with an average 0.42 percent decline and similar disturbing trends in the Fragile States Index and its component indicators like securities threat, group grievance, factionalized elite, state legitimacy, human rights and rule of law, demographic pressures, public services, refugee and displaced people, human flight and brain drain, uneven economic development and economic decline; and the progress of the nuclear arms build-up. Peace has thus been elusive as an SDG and therefore poses a threat to the attainment of the 16 other SDGs. 

This is followed by a description of the Earth Charter and the SDGs. The fourth pillar of the Earth Charter is Democracy, Non-Violence, and Peace. The Earth Charter is the ethical foundation of the SDGs consisting of 16 principles around four pillars or cornerstones. Its fourth pillar is linked to SDG 16 on Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions. SDG 16 has a transformative and an enabling role among all the SDGs. Its inclusion as a sustainability goal was aimed to bridge the gap in the previous millennial development goals (MDGs) which overlooked attention to peace, security, and institutions. The Earth Charter is a call for a change in worldview from an anthropocentric or egocentric mindset to an anthropocentric or eco-centric one. The predominance of the egocentric view explains why the attainment of peace has been elusive. 

The literature review continues with the relationship between peace and development and the competing theoretical views about their interrelatedness and compatibility. The discussion revolves around the inclusivist and exclusivist approaches where peace and development are either symbiotically related in the former or are two separate tracks that explain the political opposition to the inclusion of SDG16 among the sustainable development goals.

The article proceeds with the major sources of peace financing and the various financing initiatives for peace by multilateral institutions, regional financial institutions and trading blocs and NGOs. The various instrumentalities for peace financing will be explained such as peace-building response funds, peace bonds and peace dividends evolving mostly from the NGOs. The analytical part of this paper will discuss the progress of how financing for peace has been implemented in a war or conflict zone and its effects and impact. Finally, a conclusion is made on lessons learned from peace financing and how international business can contribute pro-actively in the effort to finance and secure peace in the world that makes SDG16 not only an enabler but an enabled SDG. 

The global energy transition, essential for decarbonizing the production of goods and services, positions hydrogen (H₂) as a strategic energy vector. Energy vectors, such as gasoline, diesel, biomethane, and electricity, are substances or devices that store energy for later use [1]. Among the various production routes, green hydrogen – produced via water electrolysis using electricity from renewable sources – stands out for its potential for neutral carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions.

In this context, South America, particularly Brazil and Paraguay, possess unique potential due to their predominantly renewable electricity matrices [2, 3]. This comparative advantage allows to produce green hydrogen via water electrolysis at an estimated cost that is competitive when compared to conventional hydrogen (produced by steam methane reforming of natural gas) [4]. However, the implementation of projects on an industrial scale faces significant challenges.

This work was based on a literature review, drawing on articles indexed in the Web of Science (WoS), ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases published in the last three years. Additionally, due to the commercial secrecy surrounding many developing projects, this analysis used information available in specialized media, both digital and print, and data on the official government portals of Brazil and Paraguay.

One of the main obstacles is economic competitiveness. Although the cost of green hydrogen has been falling rapidly, it is still generally higher than that of hydrogen derived from fossil fuels [5, 6]. However, it is important to note that many cost projections published in the literature are based on the geo-economic realities of developed countries, particularly European ones, which do not fully reflect the low-cost potential for green hydrogen production in South America.

Economic viability, however, becomes more tangible in specific applications. Projects that integrate green hydrogen production with the synthesis of nitrogen fertilizers have shown promise. In Brazil, some projects aim to produce green ammonia and urea [7], while in Paraguay, the production of calcium ammonium nitrate is being studied [8]. The economic viability of these projects is driven by two central factors:

*Renewable Electricity Matrix: Brazil has a matrix with about 90% renewable sources, comprised of hydropower (55.3%), wind (14.1%), and solar (9.3%) [2]. Paraguay has a virtually 100% renewable matrix, supported mainly by generation from the Itaipu Binacional Hydroelectric Plant [3]._

*Competitive Energy Costs: Data from the Electric Energy Commercialization Chamber (CCEE) [9] and ANDE [10] indicate that electricity in Brazil can already be negotiated in the range of US$ 30/MWh to US$ 40/MWh, a level that reaches economic viability for green ammonia production, where electricity represents approximately 58% of the operational cost (OPEX) [11, 12, 13, 14].

Furthermore, the aggressive entry of Chinese electrolyzer manufacturers into the global market has significantly pressured the decrease in the capital costs (CAPEX) of this equipment, contributing to the improvement of the overall economics of electrolysis projects [15, 16].

Despite the potential, the abundance of renewable energy does not automatically translate into availability for new projects. A critical challenge in Brazil is the limitation of the transmission infrastructure. There are currently eleven hydrogen projects under study, which total a demand of 45 GW of installed capacity forecast by 2038. Connecting these projects to the grid requires robust expansions in the National Interconnected System, a fact that has already motivated the inclusion of specific studies in the official transmission planning [17]. This bottleneck is one of the factors that has delayed the implementation of emblematic projects, such as those planned for the Port of Pecém, in Ceará [18].

Another challenge has been regulatory uncertainty. The lack of specific regulation and clear legal frameworks created environments of insecurity for investors, making it difficult to define guarantees of origin, certification, and safety standards. As a positive sign of progress, both Brazil [19] and Paraguay [20] have recently approved their legal frameworks for hydrogen, a fundamental step to attract investments and structure the production chain.

In conclusion, the potential of Brazil and Paraguay in the emerging global hydrogen economy is unquestionable, anchored in their abundant renewable resources and competitive energy costs. Overcoming the remaining challenges – such as transmission infrastructure and the detailing of regulatory norms – will require a coordinated approach between the public and private sectors. Clear public policies, fiscal incentives, partnerships for financing critical infrastructure, and the development of anchor markets (domestic and export) are essential. Success will depend on the ability to transform this comparative natural advantage into a viable, competitive, and sustainable economic project, as indicated by the green fertilizer projects already in an advanced planning stage.

I want to discuss the opportunities that have arisen from the challenges we face with electronic waste in West Africa, particularly in Ghana. I would like to highlight my company, Electro Recycling, and our partnership with a German company, which has allowed us to establish operations in Ghana. This initiative has created over 60 direct jobs and 200 indirect jobs for the local community.

We are actively bridging the digital divide by providing access to refurbished electronics, empowering marginalized communities, and fostering economic opportunities.

Additionally, I want to emphasize how repair, refurbishment, and remanufacturing can benefit the people of Ghana, West Africa, and Europe as a whole. Although Africa contributes to less than 3% of global warming, its young population has the potential to positively impact a greener circular economy.

As co-author of “AI for Humanity: Build a Sustainable AI for the Future” published by Wiley, James has always advocated for AI for Humanity to be one of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. He will explain why, how and what initiatives we as humanity should act collectively to make it happen.

The spray freeze-drying system is a type of freeze-drying method. This technology is a hybrid pharmaceutical manufacturing technology that combines the spray drying and freeze-drying which are existing manufacturing technologies [1].

Its introduction into the pharmaceutical industry has begun to be considered as an alternative manufacturing method to conventional freeze-drying technology [2].

Spray freeze-drying system can be applied to various pharmaceuticals regardless of modality. This technology has the potential to be a useful solution to formulation issues that were difficult to solve with conventional freeze-drying technology. Thus, it is expected that this technology, which can be used from the perspective of both formulation design and commercial manufacturing, will become more widespread in the future.

In this presentation, the case studies in Shionogi using sucrose and model liposomes with a view to applying spray freeze-drying to pharmaceutical development will be addressed [3]. The former case is a study aimed at applying spray freeze-drying to low molecular weight compounds, and the latter case is a study aimed at applying spray freeze-drying to soft materials.

Young researchers in academia face a lot of hurdles while establishing their scientific careers. They are caught up in a series of traps where one can’t be overcome by overcoming all the others as well: time, funding, publishing, research, teaching, being present at conferences, expanding their skillset, building and getting into networks etc. All those topics are intertwined; all shall be served at once and all at the fullest extent possible.

Consequentially, this situation has a high potential of becoming a vicious circle unless it is broken at one or more points.

Here, foundations can set in and help in multiple ways to break the circle and overcome this conundrum effectively. One example is the Galenus-Privatstiftung [1], a non-profit scientific foundation that aims to support postdocs, habilitation candidates, assistant and junior professors in the field of pharmaceutical technology and biopharmacy. The foundation awards the Galenus Supports, the Technology Prize, enables visiting professorships as well as international workshops.

We first review the initiation by two of us (R. M. S. and T. V.) [1] of the mathematical representation of life, intended as the difference between organic and inorganic molecules, via the Lie-admissible hyperstructural branch of hadronic mechanics representing the size of biological molecules, their contact thus non-Hamiltonian interactions and the irreversibility over time. We then review and expand the studies done in the subsequent paper [2] showing that: 1) The time irreversible hadronic representation of life can be obtained via the addition of the symmetric Jordan brackets to reversible quantum mechanical Lie brackets; 2) The Lie and Jordan admissible axiomatic formulation of hadronic medicine with non-linear, non-local an non Hamiltonian entanglements of molecular constituents operating without the use of a known form of energy; 3) The smooth connection between hadronic uncertainties at small distances and full Einsteinian determinism at classical distances; 4) The quantitative representation by hadronic medicine of some actions by biological entities beyond our sensory perception; 5) The expected diagnostic and curative values of hadronic medicine.

Protein-Protein Interactions (PPI) mediate numerous processes in cells in health and disease. However, it is extremely challenging to make them drug targets. This is especially true for intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). The research in our lab focuses on using peptides for the quantitative biophysical and structural analysis of PPI. Based on this, we develop lead peptides that modulate PPI for therapeutic purposes. Our latest research directions include:

1. Control of condensation and aggregation of proteins by multiphosphorylation: Specific phosphorylation patterns dictate the activity and interactions of many proteins. We developed new methods for rapid and efficient of peptide libraries with distinct multi-phosphorylation patterns. This enables systematic studying at the level of isolated protein domains. We used these tools to elucidate how multi-phosphorylation regulates the self-assembly and activity of two IDPs: the cancer-related APC protein and the neurodegenerative diseases-related Tau protein.
2. Inhibiting structured and disordered domains simultaneously: We developed a strategy for inhibiting the structured and disordered hot spots of an interaction using chimeric peptides that contain both structured and disordered parts, which target both structured and disordered hot spots at the same protein.  The approach is demonstrated for inhibiting the anti-apoptotic iASPP protein.  
3. Specific targeting of cancer cells by a designed peptide: We developed a peptide that specifically targets cancer cells and kills them by activating cell death pathways. The peptide is derived from the NAF-1 protein and acts by selectively penetrating the plasma membrane of cancer cells and targeting their mitochondria-ER network. 
4. Inhibiting protein aggregation in disease: Strategies to inhibit aggregation in disease usually focus on highly specific inhibitors for one hotspot but have not made a clinical impact yet. We developed a systematic approach for designing chaperone-like peptides targeting early aggregation stages populated by dynamic precursors, before a mechanistic differentiation takes place. Peptides designed using this strategy inhibited aggregation of disease-related proteins that aggregate in completely different pathways and may serve as general lead compounds against numerous protein aggregation diseases.

Education is not only one of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) [1] but it also plays a detrimental role in achieving sustainability [240]. Education implies active and passive access to knowledge, which comprises unbiased access to scientific literature as a major component. Up to the 1980s this meant textbooks and journal articles, that had to be bought by the recipient or borrowed from a local or remote library free of charge or for a comparably small fee.

An additional source of information came in the 1990s when the internet entered offices, and private households. Initially, all the information was publically available free of charge, but eventually commercialization set in.

On the other end of the spectrum are the scientists, whose research culminates in the generation of knowledge, evident by publication. Simplified, a researcher builds his/her scientific reputation on the number of publications authored. Publications became -and still are- a kind of virtual currency in academia – “Publish or perish”.

Comparing the supply chain of knowledge with that of typical other goods, there always used to be a slight mismatch between the flow of goods and services and the flow of money. There is a strong similarity between common goods and books, where supplier and author are compensated (e.g. 10% of sales price for authors) and a quality check is incorporated; either at supplier, wholeseller or retail shop, and this quality assurance (QA) function might be internal or outsourced. However, usually scientific print journals did not pay the authors for content nor were peer reviewers paid. The customer or reader is charged for the goods or literature received. However, libraries served as a cost effective way to make knowledge cost effectively available.

The situation intiensified and the mismatch became even more evident since the introduction of open access or public access schemes: To allow open access for the user, the publisher requires the inversion of monetary flow through reimbursment by the author. This means the content provider now also provides the financial funding (typically a mid four-figure USD amount per publication)!

Especially early career scientists are hurt the most by open access publishing schemes: On the one hand they need to build their reputation by publishing their findings, but it is not only the publication itself that counts; it is also the number of citations that one receives. The lower the threshold for readers the more citaions. Any kind of restricted access poses a hurdle for the readers and the likelihood for being cited diminishes.

On the other hand, without reputation it is hard to get funding for research work and if the scarce funds have to go to the publisher, then there’s hardly any leftover for research (Publish and perish)  and vice versa. A vicious circle right from the start that is hard to overcome; especially if the job of the scientist also comprises teaching (fulfilling educational service aka spreading knowledge to the students) by lecturing, supervising and conducting lab courses).

This article describes approaches to escape this conundrum. 

CFD (computational fluid dynamics) modelling has gained a lot of momentum throughout the last decade and also becomes a valuable tool in biopharma. Taking the example of mixing in Single Use System (SUS) Mixers as an example, this paper discusses the huge advantages that CFD modelling brings for gaining deeper insights into mixing in these novel mixers but also shows the downsides of CFD modelling in general and its environmental impact under sustainability aspects and how Super-Designed Modelling can help significantly.

Mixing liquids is a basic operation frequently performed in the biopharmaceutical sector for both small-scale (beakers or flasks) and large-scale, e.g. bioreactors. In bioreactors, upstream as well as downstream processes are key when compounding, pooling, mixing and filling from large tanks.

So far, smooth-walled stainless-steel containers with standardized lapper bottoms have mostly/ widely been used on a larger scale together with common mixing impellers (located usually around the lower third of the container) For these set-ups mixing processes are well established, characterized extensively and generally scaled using P/V (energy input as a power to volume ratio).

For various business and regulatory reasons, efforts have recently been made to switch to Single Use Systems (SUS) for mixing as well/additionally. Here, specially sized three-dimensional plastic bags are hooked into a support cover. To minimize shear stress on biopharmaceuticals, the SUS impellers have entirely different shapes compared to those that were previously common; they sit floating in cup-shaped recesses at the bottom of the bag and are usually also eccentrically displaced. In addition, even when carefully inserted into the support cover and being filled, the bags do not form a smooth wall but have a creased or wrinkled surface.

When submitting new drugs for approval, the authorities require comprehensive knowledge of the product not only regarding the pharmacological, toxicological and clinical aspects, but also regarding the formulation and manufacturing process, which includes mixing.

Accordingly, the characterization of mixing processes in SUS is of great importance.

While experimental mixer validation is usually unproblematic in small-scale, large-scale experimental mixing tests involving extreme parameters (e.g. different speeds, filling volumes, etc.) present almost insurmountable obstacles, because the products are not only extremely expensive in larger quantities but also are usually not available to a sufficient extent in the early phases of development.

Typically, modelling approaches come into play at such a stage [1].

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations offer a path forward to gain insights into mixing behavior despite these challenges.

However, CFD simulations require a lot of computational power, especially for high-resolution simulations. Several days of computing are rule rather than exception, even on high performance multi core GPU clusters. The energy consumption of a simple 50L mixing, resembling only minutes of real time operation, might require approx. 43kWh. This equals the power consumption of a fridge/freezer combination operated for 3 months or 2 months of operating a laptop 24/7 under normal load.

Superdesigned modelling (SDM) is an approach to tackle the two downsides of CFD modelling at once: Time and energy consumption. The general questions to be answered by CFD simulation of mixing are usually:

1. What is the required mixer speed for sufficient mixing, while minimizing splashing, foaming, and air incorporation?
2. What is the required mixing time thereof?
3. What is the extent of shear stress on a biologic drug substance?

This means that from the vast amount of three-dimensional data, which are generated over tiny high resolution timesteps, only three(!) computed numbers make up/comprise the relevant output. As inputs there are mainly fill level, proportion of liquids to be mixed, their densities and viscosities.

Developing Design of Experiments (DOEs) around simulations by using these inputs as factors for a DOE and conducting the appropriate simulations forms the foundation for SDM.

Although the number of required simulations for a given mixer/impeller combination is kept to a minimum, the performed and analyzed DOE allows for an interpolation of data for any given input combination. As a result, the model can predict output parameters without running additional CFD simulations. Since the model also serves as an analytical equivalence of the simulations, it could be used to derive underlying functional dependencies and uncover even more knowledge around mixing.

Radioactive waste of fission reactors is a problem and needs special treatment for keeping it at a safe location, so that radioactive waste can decay without contaminating the environment. Radioactive waste is the product of the nuclear absorption of neutrons (n, g) in a fission nuclear power plant for achieving electricity without using fossil fuels releasing CO₂. ¹Interestingly, this nuclear reaction (n, g) can be reversed by inducing a photonuclear reaction (g, n) If the corresponding g - ray source is available. Interestingly, this g - ray source has to be in resonance with the original (n, g) reaction. Angelo Comunetti could show with his experiments that he could reverse the reaction (n, g) of ¹⁹⁷Au->¹⁹⁸Auand in addition induce (g, n) reactions of ¹⁹⁷Au -> ¹⁹⁶Pt. Thus, Angelo Comunetti started to doubt that Neutron Activation Analysis NAA is always working since his subsequent NAA showed that no more Au was present…

Interestingly, Angelo Comunetti also was able to demonstrate that he could induce the photonuclear reaction (g, n) in case of ²⁴Na -> leading to ²³Na and to (g, n) of ²³Na leading to ²²Na, respectively to the volatile ²²Ne.

Conclusion: The original reaction (g, n) is reversible and it is feasible to transform the radioactive waste of fission power plants into non-radioactive waste, which does not need to be buried in a safe location.

ß-lactam enzyme antibiotic is one of the most effective chemotherapy medicine in treating bacteria infection. Inhibitor of metal 2-lactam enzyme is an important topic in clinical medical science during the historic development of antibiotics in the past sixty years since the discovery of penicillin. The most common resistance mechanism is to hydrolysis the enzyme of these antibiotics, known as ß-lactam enzyme. Metal ß-lactam enzyme has a very rare wide substrate surface, which can prohibit the movement of bicyclic ß-lactam antibiotics. The research focus in medical science is concentrated on ß-lactam enzyme’s structure and inhibitor design.

In my own work, an important protein system, named as metal ß-lactam enzyme of arc-shaped stem fungus, is investigated theoretically. The three-dimensional structure of metal ß-lactam enzyme of arc-shaped stem fungus is obtained by means of homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation. Additionally, active sites have been predicted according to the catalysis mechanism of metal ß-lactam enzyme of arc-shaped stem fungus. Finally, our computed results are compared with previous reports of relevance. The differences have been analyzed and discussed.

World Health Organization reports that 15% of adolescents (aged 10-19 years) experience mental disorders (2024). To address this global challenge, this paper explores how we design culturally sensitive and meaningful technology to empower high school teenagers and support their holistic development by applying the Low-Dissipation Optimization State (LDoS) framework and its core technique, mind-holding (Lun et al., 2022).

Collaborating with a local High School in Guangzhou, we developed a "Mind-Holding Pod (Mind-Body Wellness Pod)" to provide students with a space for relaxation and focus enhancement, rooted from China’s traditional culture. Guided by “The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon” on the unity of body and mind, the Pod integrates advanced brain-computer interface (BCI) technology and neuroscience to help students achieve mind-holding mindfulness through environmental design and experiential activities. Chinese traditional philosophy of Five Elements (Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water) is used to emphasize embodiment and situatedness, and Five Tones (Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, Yu) is used as music therapy to enhance the Pod experience.

In a discussion how novel interaction techniques and fair algorithms are integrated in this indigenous community-engaged design endeavor (Sun, in press), we will compare the two mindful design models between the West and the East. While the Western model promotes an individualist approach of mindfulness that reduce the sufferings of stress, anxiety, anger, and depression into individual ailment and weakness (Nixon, 2020), Traditional Chinese Medicine highlights the Unity of Heaven and Humanity (天人合一). This holistic approach applied in this design case, i.e., the Low-Dissipation Optimization State (LDoS) framework and the mind-holding technique, aims to engage adolescent users with embodied activities, mediated by artifacts that is situated from the Chinese traditional culture such as herbal incense and tea ceremonies, to help students be socially connective and bridge differences. 

Ferromagnetic nanosystems represent a transformative frontier in biomedicine, leveraging their unique magnetic properties for diverse therapeutic and diagnostic applications. This paper explores two groundbreaking phenomena—magnetic hyperthermia and magnetically activated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) reactions—to elucidate the role of iron and manganese oxide nanosystems in enhancing electrodynamical and biothermophysical processes.

In magnetic hyperthermia, ferromagnetic nanoparticles (e.g., Fe₃O₄, MnO₂) are engineered to generate localized heat under alternating magnetic fields (AMF), enabling targeted cancer cell destruction while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. Key challenges, such as optimizing the specific absorption rate (SAR) and mitigating eddy current effects, are discussed alongside advances in self-regulating nanomaterials with controlled Curie temperatures (e.g., Ni/C and La₁₋ₓAgₓMnO₃ nanocomposites).

Parallelly, the paper investigates ATP activation via magnetic impurities (Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺), employing vibrational spectroscopy (Raman/IR) to probe how these ions modulate ATP hydrolysis kinetics and energy transfer mechanisms. The interplay between magnetic nanoparticles and ATPase-driven phosphorylation reactions is analyzed, offering insights into cellular energy manipulation and potential therapeutic applications.

By bridging material science, biophysics, and clinical innovation, this work underscores the potential of ferromagnetic nanosystems to revolutionize oncology and bioenergetics, while highlighting future directions for low-toxicity, high-efficiency nanotherapies.

Many specialties in medicine and surgery are interested in the progress of the biomedical applications of the laser. Lasers are now becoming the treatment of choice by both clinicians and patients, and in some cases, the standard of care. The aim of this clinical study was to apply and assess the usefulness of diode laser 980nm in orofacial region. This clinical study was carried out at our private clinic using diode laser in many orofacial clinical applications. A total of 35 patients including 20 (≈57%) male and 10 (≈42%) female with age range from (3 to 58) years old. Overall satisfaction was observed in all clinical applications and proved to be of
beneficial effect for daily practice and considered practical, effective, easy to used, offers a safe, acceptable, and impressive alternative for conventional surgical techniques. Diode laser can be used in oral and facial soft tissue surgery because of easy application, better coagulation, no need for suturing, less swelling and pain, as well as for its capability for treatment of physiologic gingival pigmentation

A theoretical and experimental search has been conducted for a model to explain the therapeutic effect of the "Philippine healer" - ultrafast healing of medical wounds. We came to the conclusion that the AIM+ - model is more suitable than the others. Previously [1-3] were presented: FK, DFK, AIM, AIM+ models.

The FK model is an elastic-periodic chain of atoms (CH1) in a periodic potential, which is described by commensurate and incommensurate phases.

In the DFK model, the periodic potential of the FK model is replaced by a second elastically periodic chain of atoms (CH2).

In the AIM model, the cosmological applications of the FK + DFK models are considered, through the creation of a time chain (CH1 + CH2), a type of open system.

The rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam voiced the cosmological idea of the AIM model: 

          “Oh, woe! Nothingness is embodied in our flesh,

           Nothingness is surrounded by a border of celestial spheres.

           We tremble in horror from birth to death:

           We are ripples on Time, but it is nothing.”

In the AIM+ model, CH1 atoms returning to the jerk point form a cloud of gas, which condenses on the energy excitations of the time chain (CH1+ CH2), forming associated states with them.

Let us call the emerging states “living cells” (LC). LCs can be two-dimensional, three-dimensional, etc. It is possible that the first three-dimensional LC was formed at the stage of inflationary growth of the Universe long before the point of the “Big Bang”; let’s call it “inflaton”. 

AIM+   model considers the phase of inflationary growth of the Universe as the initial stage of the development of a microbial colony.

It is known that communities of biological cells are open biological systems, which at the initial stages develop according to an exponential law (I-phase). But then they plateau very quickly. We believe that the I-phase can be extended by creating a coherent state for the LC (CR mode), when the entire community develops coherently.

In experiments [4, 5] the problem of creating one of the possible CR modes in microbiological systems was solved: - stimulating the growth of a colony of a microbiological culture of e.coli with a physical device with spatial coherence, by resonantly matching the size of a biological cell with the coherence period of the device. As a result: - we observed CR stimulated by an external field - modes with single and multiple subcultures of the microbiological culture. 

Mycelium-based composites are gaining significant attention as sustainable, biodegradable materials for applications ranging from construction to packaging. Our research examines two key bracket fungi—Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) and Fomes fomentarius—focusing on their structural hierarchy and mechanical behavior. For G. lucidum, we characterized fruiting bodies with a trimitic hyphal network comprising a dense crust, a porous context, and vertically oriented, segmented hymenial tubes. Micro-computed tomography (µCT) revealed how tube segmentation enables staged buckling and crack deflection, boosting energy absorption. Meanwhile, in F. fomentarius (historically used for amadou production), we specifically investigated its context layer, where variations in hyphal organization and density critically influence tensile performance and damage tolerance. Through structural and chemical analysis, mechanical testing, and in situ SEM characterization—including comparisons with commercial mycelium composites—we show how pore architecture, hyphal bundling, and compositional gradients collectively govern the distinct, tunable properties of these fungal materials.

The hierarchical designs of both fungi provide valuable blueprints for robust, lightweight bioinspired materials. Implementing these natural principles could advance sustainable industrial solutions with closed-loop life cycles, particularly improving load-bearing capacity, damage tolerance, and energy absorption in engineered systems.

This study investigates the radiological protection capabilities of hybrid composites composed of aramid and linen fabrics embedded in an epoxy polymer matrix, reinforced with graphene oxide (GO), through Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) simulations. The research focuses on evaluating the attenuation of gamma radiation by analyzing photon flux between composite layers and energy deposition within the material structure. The MCNP code was employed to model the interaction of gamma photons with the hybrid composite, considering variations in GO concentration, layer thickness, and fabric stacking configurations. The incorporation of GO enhances the mechanical and shielding properties of the composite, leveraging its high electron density and dispersion within the epoxy matrix. Results demonstrate significant photon flux reduction and optimized energy absorption, influenced by the synergistic effects of aramid’s high tensile strength, linen’s sustainability, and GO’s radiation interaction capabilities. The simulations reveal the impact of composite design on shielding efficiency, offering insights into lightweight, flexible materials for radiological protection in medical, aerospace, and industrial applications. This work establishes a foundation for experimental validation and further optimization of GO-reinforced hybrid composites, contributing to the development of sustainable and high-performance radiation shielding solutions.

A growing demand for research about ballistic armor shields follows the increase of violence around the world. Ultimately, different composite materials with polymeric matrices have already presented the minimum performance as an individual protection required with cheaper and lower density, such as those reinforced with natural lignocellulosic fiber (NLF). The Cyperus malaccensis, a type of sedge fiber, is already used in simple items like ropes, furniture, and paper, but has not yet been investigated as composite reinforcement for possible ballistic protection applications. Therefore, composite plates were prepared for the ballistic tests, based on the condition of 30 vol% alkali treated sedge fibers. A total of seven plates have been subjected to seven test-shots  using 7.62 mm commercial ammunition. The fibers were embedded under pressure in the epoxy resin matrix and cured at room temperature for 24 hours. The tested specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Besides, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed and the absorbed energy of all specimens were evaluated, based on a confidence level of 95%.

Natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) have been widely studied as sustainable alternatives to synthetic fibers, standing out for being renewable, biodegradable, economically viable and for presenting good specific mechanical properties [1-3]. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the flexural strength of polyester matrix composites reinforced with short jute and piassava fibers. The fibers were used in their natural form, without surface treatment, cut to a length of 15 mm, and incorporated into the matrix by manual molding (hand lay-up) using silicone molds, without the application of pressure. The specimens were produced with randomly distributed discontinuous fibers, with mass fractions adjusted to the mold volume. The bending tests indicated that the pure polyester composite presented a bending stress of 112.12 ± 17.58 MPa, while the composites reinforced with jute and piassava fibers reached 59.16 ± 8.37 MPa and 62.48 ± 5.89 MPa, respectively, representing reductions of approximately 47% and 44% in relation to the pure matrix. Fractographic analysis of the rupture surfaces revealed that the failure of the composites was predominantly governed by fiber pull-out and low interfacial adhesion between fiber and matrix, also associated with the presence of internal voids resulting from the manual molding process. These factors contributed to the reduction of the mechanical efficiency of the composites, highlighting the need for surface treatments of the fibers and improvements in processing to optimize structural performance.

This study aims to develop a nanocomposite based on recycled polycarbonate (PC) with reduced graphene oxide (rGO), intended for applications in electromagnetic radiation absorbing materials (ERAM), with emphasis on stealth technologies applied to vessels [1]. The nanofibers were produced using the Solution Blow Spinning (SBS) process, aiming to maximize efficiency in electromagnetic radiation absorption [2-4]. The methodology involved the characterization of the individual components (PC and rGO) and the resulting nanocomposite through thermal analyses (DSC and TGA), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) to determine the molar mass of PC, and complementary techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and electromagnetic radiation absorption analysis using a vector network analyzer. The results demonstrated that incorporating different proportions of rGO into the PC significantly enhanced radiation absorption in the X-band, indicating the formation of a promising functional system for electromagnetic shielding applications. The combined analyses revealed a homogeneous morphological structure and suitable thermal and structural properties, confirming the potential of the developed nanocomposite as an efficient alternative for use in defense and security systems [5-6].

The growing demand for sustainable solutions in civil construction, particularly in tropical regions facing a shortage of natural aggregates, has encouraged the use of mining waste as an alternative raw material for the production of artificial aggregates (Cabral et al., 2008). This study investigates the mineralogical interactions between sandy and silty textured soils and a clayey mining sludge, subjected to calcination processes aimed at forming reactive phases.

The methodology involved the formulation of mixtures with varying proportions of clayey sludge, subjected to calcination at temperature ranges defined based on mineralogical and thermal analyses. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), following established practices for assessing the reactivity of calcined clays (Pinheiro et al., 2023; Monteiro et al., 2004).

Preliminary results indicated the formation of potentially pozzolanic phases, such as amorphous aluminosilicates, at temperatures above 700 °C, corroborating literature findings on the influence of firing temperature on clay activation (da Silva et al., 2015). The microstructure observed via SEM showed good integration between the constituents of the mixtures after calcination, suggesting the feasibility of combining soils and mining residues for pavement applications.        

This study investigated the consolidation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) ceramics with different graphene oxide (GO) contents (0–1.00 wt.%) via the Cold Sintering Process (CSP), aiming to evaluate their effects on densification, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and microstructure [1]. CSP was performed at 200 °C under 300 MPa using diluted phosphoric acid as a transient liquid phase. Vickers hardness, fracture toughness, flexural strength, SEM/EDS, TGA/DSC, XRD with Rietveld refinement, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy were employed for characterization.

GO addition increased the relative density from ~84.7% (pure HAp) to ~87.3% (HAp1.00GO), with the best mechanical performance observed for HAp0.50GO, which showed a hardness of 2.81 GPa, fracture toughness of 0.77 MPa·m⁰·⁵, and flexural strength of 51.63 MPa—up to 79% higher than pure HAp. These improvements were attributed to the lamellar morphology and oxygenated functional groups of GO, which promoted chemical interactions with dissolved HAp ions, enhancing precipitation-driven densification and interparticle cohesion [2].

Morphological analysis revealed that HAp0.50GO exhibited the most homogeneous and dense microstructure with well-formed interparticle bridges, while higher GO contents (0.75–1.00 wt.%) led to agglomeration and heterogeneity, impairing mechanical performance [3].

Thermal analysis indicated that GO incorporation improved thermal stability and reduced degradation related to β-TCP formation. XRD confirmed the preservation of the crystalline HAp phase in all compositions, with no secondary phases detected. Rietveld refinement showed decreased crystallite size and increased specific surface area for intermediate GO contents (0.25 and 0.50 wt.%), suggesting higher surface reactivity and potential bioactivity [4].

FTIR confirmed the preservation of HAp’s chemical structure, while Raman spectroscopy detected D and G bands from GO in samples with ≥0.50 wt.%, confirming its incorporation and revealing variations in carbon structural order with increasing GO content. The lowest ID/IG ratio (0.57) for HAp0.75GO indicated greater graphitic order, whereas HAp1.00GO displayed the highest disorder (ID/IG = 0.92), likely due to agglomeration.

Overall, the optimal GO content was ~0.50 wt.%, balancing densification, microstructural integrity, mechanical strength, and thermal stability without compromising crystallinity. These results demonstrate the feasibility of producing HAp/GO ceramics via CSP at low temperature with enhanced properties for advanced biomedical applications, such as synthetic bone grafts with improved mechanical resistance and stability [5].

The integration of thorium into uranium dioxide (UO₂) fuel presents a promising strategy to enhance fuel cycle sustainability, reduce long-term radiotoxicity, and improve proliferation resistance in nuclear reactors. This study investigates the neutronic performance of a mixed oxide fuel composed of UO₂ and thorium dioxide (ThO₂) in the context of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), focusing on both a single fuel rod and a complete fuel assembly configuration. The SCALE simulation suite was employed to model and analyze key neutronic parameters, including effective multiplication factor (k-eff), neutron flux distribution, and isotopic evolution over burnup. The analysis explores various UO₂/ThO₂ ratios, with special attention to the moderation properties, resonance absorption behavior, and the production of fissile ²³³U from thorium. In the single-rod model, the addition of ThO₂ slightly reduces initial reactivity but leads to favorable breeding characteristics due to the generation of ²³³U, which contributes to sustained fission over time. In the full assembly configuration, moderation effects and inter-rod neutron interactions further influence the reactivity trends and spatial flux profiles. Results demonstrate that mixed UO₂/ThO₂ fuel exhibits competitive neutronic behavior when compared to conventional UO₂ fuel, with notable advantages in terms of fissile regeneration and longer fuel cycle potential. Moreover, the thorium content contributes to flattening the power distribution across the assembly, which may reduce localized thermal stresses and improve fuel utilization. These findings highlight the feasibility of incorporating thorium into SMR fuel designs and encourage further investigation into thermo-mechanical performance and reprocessing implications. The study supports the development of advanced fuel cycles aligned with the goals of next-generation reactor technologies.

The shortage of natural aggregates in tropical regions has driven the development of alternative materials for road infrastructure applications. Among these, artificial aggregates produced through clay calcination have been investigated for their mechanical properties and pozzolanic reactivity potential (Cabral, 2008; da Silva et al., 2015; Friber et al., 2023). This study proposes the production of artificial aggregates from soil–waste mixtures, incorporating a clay-rich mining sludge, aiming to add value to mineral waste and reduce reliance on conventional materials.

The formulations were defined based on preliminary mineralogical analyses using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with the objective of identifying the phases formed and microstructural changes induced by calcination (Monteiro et al., 2004; Pinheiro et al., 2023). The calcination temperature was selected to maximize the formation of amorphous cementitious phases. After calcination, the aggregates were used to mold cylindrical specimens using split molds, which were then subjected to repeated load triaxial tests to determine the permanent deformation a key parameter for assessing the mechanical performance of materials used in pavement base and subbase layers.

Initial results indicated that the artificial aggregate exhibits elastic behavior compatible with that of traditional pavement materials, reinforcing its potential as a technically and environmentally sustainable solution.

Hydroxyapatite is a mineral composed of hydrated calcium phosphates. As it is the main mineral component of human bone, it is widely used in the fabrication of alloplasts for bone tissue regeneration treatments, known as scaffolds [1][2]. Scaffolds serve as a cellular matrix for the development of new bone tissue; therefore, they must have a porous structure, adequate mechanical strength, and be composed of biocompatible material [3]. To meet these criteria, additive manufacturing techniques, such as fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing, are employed as an alternative for controlling structure and mechanical strength. However, if the printer operates by extruding thermoplastic material, it is necessary to synthesize polylactic acid (PLA) filament loaded with hydroxyapatite to incorporate the bioceramic into the scaffold [4]. Hydroxyapatite can be obtained through various synthesis routes or from synthetic or natural resources. In this study, hydroxyapatite was extracted from the byproduct of the Arapaima gigas fish and used to produce filaments for 3D printing. The scales were subjected to chemical treatment with NaOH and thermal treatment with sintering at 600 ºC in an oxygen-rich environment. The characterizations performed were TG, DTG, DSC, FTIR, and SEM. After these characterizations, the sample was subjected to a thermal treatment at 700 ºC, followed by the same analyses. The filaments were produced by extrusion and were loaded with 1% w/w of hydroxyapatite extracted from the scales of Arapaima gigas. The filaments were subjected to tensile testing according to ASTM C1557-20. Thermal analysis revealed that the sample sintered at 600 ºC did not undergo complete removal of organic volatiles, with mass losses of 3.6% in the range of 75 ºC – 100 ºC due to residual water; 1.1% in the range of 280 ºC – 700 ºC due to collagen residue; and 2.93% between 600 ºC – 742 ºC due to the loss of structural water from hydroxyapatite. The sample sintered at 700 ºC showed little mass loss, with a total loss of 1.68%, and a maximum degradation temperature at 619 ºC, related to the structural water present in hydroxyapatite. In both samples, FTIR analyses revealed the characteristic bands of PO₄³⁻ anions at 1091 cm⁻¹; 1022–1018 cm⁻¹; 602–563 cm⁻¹, and the presence of CO₃²⁻ ions at 1450 cm⁻¹, 1411 cm⁻¹, and 871 cm⁻¹. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that the samples sintered at 600 ºC presented agglomerates of inorganic particulates without a defined morphology. Sintering at 700 ºC promoted the growth of particulates with polygonal shapes, tending toward hexagonal formation.

Dysphagia has become a significant and increasingly widespread issue, especially given the rapidly aging global population. Various factors, such as cerebrovascular lesions and neurodegenerative diseases, can lead to swallowing impairments. Specifically, brainstem ischemia in the dorsolateral medulla and other brainstem regions, such as the dorsolateral pons, can result in severe swallowing disorders, ultimately leading to aspiration pneumonia. Moreover, reoxygenation during reperfusion after ischemic brain damage triggers oxidative reactions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the ischemic and surrounding areas, which can exacerbate neuronal damage in and around the ischemic lesion. However, our understanding of how ischemia and reperfusion in the brainstem affect swallowing function and oxidative stress is limited.

To clarify the impact of brainstem ischemia and subsequent reperfusion on swallowing function and oxidative stress, we studied changes in motor activities of respiration and swallowing, as well as oxidative stress, before, during, and after brainstem ischemia induced by transient clamping of the carotid or vertebral arteries. 

We monitored respiration and swallowing by recording the activity of the vagus, hypoglossal, phrenic, and abdominal nerves in a perfused brainstem preparation of rats. Swallowing was induced through electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve and by administering water orally. We analyzed changes in respiratory rhythm and motor activities and measured derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) to evaluate the levels of oxidative and antioxidative stress before, during, and after the clamping of the bilateral carotid artery (group 1) and the ipsilateral vertebral artery (group 2).

The respiratory-related and swallowing-related activities of the vagus and hypoglossal nerves were modestly altered following the clamping of the arteries. The BAP levels tended to be increased after reperfusion.

Our findings suggest that brainstem ischemia and subsequent reperfusion mediate changes in respiratory and swallowing function concurrent with alterations in the oxidative and antioxidative balance.

Orthostatic dysregulation (OD) is most common during adolescence, with approximately 5-10% of junior high and high school students in Japan believed to be affected. According to Japanese clinical guidelines, this condition is classified into four subtypes: “instantaneous orthostatic hypotension (INOH)”, “postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS)”, “vasovagal syncope (VVS)” and “delayed orthostatic hypotension (delayed OH)”. Additionally, it is noted that various factors, including idiopathic causes, nutritional deficiencies, developmental disorders, and mental health issues, may contribute to its onset.

On the other hand, cases of OD symptoms have been reported among adult patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), and it has been clarified that increased oxidative stress is involved in some of these cases. Additionally, there are cases where symptom improvement has been observed through antioxidant therapy.

Based on a summary of previous studies and initial data obtained, this report examines the trends in the association between each subtype of pediatric OD and oxidative stress markers, and discusses the potential involvement of oxidative stress in pediatric OD and implications for future treatment strategies. 

Airway defensive reflexes, such as pharyngeal swallowing, coughing, and sneezing, play a pivotal role in maintaining airway homeostasis. These reflexes are controlled by complex mechanisms primarily governed by specific neuronal circuitry in the brainstem, referred to as central pattern generators. These behaviors also require optimal conditions for the peripheral organs within the airway and alimentary tracts, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea, which are vital for ensuring appropriate responsiveness and motor outputs. Oxidative stress is linked to the development and progress of impaired functions of those behaviors. Dysphagia caused by central or peripheral impairments, such as neurodegeneration of related neuronal networks and laryngeal desensitization, is likely associated with an increased level of oxidative stress. Chronic inflammation and allergic airway sensitization in the lower airways, including asthma, elevate oxidative stress levels and diminish the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes, which exacerbate the severity of respiratory conditions. Antioxidant supplements offer promising therapeutic benefits by facilitating the recovery of distorted airway defensive reflexes, although limited information has been provided concerning therapeutic strategies. Further studies are necessary to enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of dysphagia and airway diseases related to oxidative stress, as well as to develop new treatment strategies for these disorders.

The respiratory system is essential for efficient gas exchange in the lungs and for maintaining airway clearance. Various factors, including allergies and inflammation, can adversely impact both respiratory function and the non-respiratory behaviors that protect the airways. Conditions such as asthma and other chronic respiratory diseases increase significant health risks, with an increasing number of cases reported. Moreover, allergic responses and chronic inflammation in the upper and lower airways can trigger excessive reflexes, such as sneezing and coughing, which may exacerbate respiratory conditions.

Research on oxidative stress in chronic airway diseases has demonstrated a correlation between chronic airway inflammation and elevated oxidative stress levels. Increased oxidative stress may affect not only inflammation in peripheral tissues but also the central mechanisms that regulate coughing and sneezing. However, theoretical evidence on this topic remains limited. In this overview, we will outline the clinical features of allergic and inflammatory respiratory diseases, including allergic rhinitis and asthma. We will also highlight the basic peripheral and central mechanisms controlling airway reflexes, including sneezing and coughing.

In addition, we will explore the relationships between respiratory disorders and oxidative stress and propose potential benefits of antioxidants, such as Twendee X®, in alleviating pathogenic respiratory distress and reducing hypersensitivity of airway protective reflexes.

Mitochondria maintain continuous, dynamic communication with the nucleus and other organelles through a diverse array of signaling molecules, including tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, energy metabolites (ATP, ADP, AMP), reactive oxygen species, and other metabolic messengers. This process, termed mitocellular communication, orchestrates cellular adaptation to fluctuating energy demands and metabolic stress, serving as a central mechanism to preserve cellular function and survival.

We have shown that mild, targeted inhibition of mitochondrial complex I using small molecules activates this signaling axis, engaging multiple beneficial mechanisms. Treatment with these compounds promoted both healthspan and lifespan in wild-type mice. Benefits were observed in natural aging and in a high-fat diet model of accelerated aging. Treatment enhanced systemic energy homeostasis, reduced oxidative stress, and improved performance across multiple behavioral and cognitive assays. Integrated biochemical and systems biology approaches identified key regulatory pathways underpinning these outcomes, highlighting mechanisms essential to the therapeutic response.

Crucially, this strategy demonstrated strong efficacy in preclinical models of neurodegeneration. In multiple Alzheimer’s disease mouse models, treatment arrested neurodegeneration and preserved cognitive function. Similarly, in Huntington’s disease models, these compounds protected against neuronal loss and maintained motor performance. These results underscore the potential of mitocellular communication as a therapeutic axis, enabling simultaneous activation of multiple neuroprotective pathways, an approach that mimics polypharmacy and is well-suited to address the multifactorial nature of neurodegenerative diseases.

We have developed novel mitochondria-targeted molecules with excellent drug-like properties and demonstrated safety profiles, making them promising candidates for human clinical translation. Ongoing efforts are focused on advancing this strategy into clinical development, with broad potential applications beyond neurodegeneration, including mitochondrial and age-related metabolic and inflammatory diseases

Airway reflexes are essential physiological responses that involve the coordinated activities of respiratory-related muscles in both the upper airway and the alimentary tract. Dysphagia is critical not only for ensuring adequate nutrition but also for managing respiratory conditions, thereby supporting overall homeostasis. Additionally, airway protective reflexes, such as coughing, are necessary for clearing the airways, which is vital for effective breathing and maintaining the swallowing reflex.

Oxidative stress can lead to DNA damage and changes in other biomolecules within peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. This stress may be linked to the pathological conditions of dysphagia, particularly in chronic respiratory diseases and cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Aging also affects swallowing function due to the diminished activity of swallowing-related muscles and reduced sensitivity of the larynx in inducing the swallowing reflex, which is likely related to decreased antioxidant levels.

The central nervous system, particularly the brainstem, plays a critical role in regulating the mechanisms of swallowing and coughing to ensure the effective transfer of food to the stomach and to protect the airway. Therefore, understanding the neuronal mechanisms involved in these functions is essential for assessing swallowing functions and managing effective treatment strategies for patients with dysphagia.

Moreover, exploring the relationship between the pathophysiology of dysphagia and oxidative stress could provide significant insights into improving swallowing function after cerebrovascular events, neurodegenerative diseases, and damage to peripheral tissues in the alimentary tract. This review aims to highlight the fundamental mechanisms of airway protective reflexes and their relations to oxidative stress while also addressing the clinical management of dysphagia. Additionally, we will examine the potential therapeutic effects of antioxidants, such as Twendee X®, on dysphagia and the deterioration of other airway protective reflexes.

Genomics-driven strategies leveraging next-generation sequencing have long dominated the “hunt” for oncogenic drivers. Yet in real-world cancer biology, malignant phenotypes often arise not from mutations alone, but from aberrant protein expression, dysregulated activity, and abnormal subcellular localization, which are often invisible to genomics alone [1]. To address these blind spots, we have established a platform that integrates chemoproteomics with cheminformatics to “fish” unconventional cancer-related proteins together with potent inhibitors among existing drugs. Our approach involves two key steps: (i) chemoproteomics to identify binding proteins of bioactive natural compounds with antitumor effects, and (ii) cheminformatics, using molecular dynamics simulations, to screen for repurposed drugs targeting those proteins. This strategy yields unique druggable targets and inhibitors that cannot be readily uncovered by a conventional genomics-driven approach. Here, using sesaminol [2] from sesame and perillyl alcohol [3] from perilla as chemical probes, we present two successful cases in which we identified unique target proteins: (1) ribosomal protein S5 (RPS5) as a mediator of resistance to MEK inhibitor-induced cell death in KRAS-mutant cancers [4], and (2) adenine nucleotide translocase 2 (ANT2) as a critical target in endocrine-resistant estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Notably, we also discovered candidate compounds that could be used as effective inhibitors against RPS5 or ANT2. Thus, our chemoproteoinformatics approach, focusing on “Not Driver, but Targetable” proteins, opens a new avenue for target and drug discovery in the post-genome era.

Respiration-swallowing coordination is essential for preventing aspiration, which is regulated by brainstem neuronal networks referred to as the central pattern generators (CPGs) for respiration (respiratory-CPG) and swallowing (swallowing-CPG). Damage to the swallowing CPG, such as that caused by a medullary stroke, can lead to delayed initiation of swallowing and impair the motor sequences involved in the swallowing process. Reoxygenation following ischemic brainstem damage can exacerbate neuronal injury due to oxidative reactions involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both the ischemic area and surrounding tissues. The effects of antioxidants on swallowing and respiratory CPG dysfunction following ischemia/reperfusion remain largely unexplored.

To investigate the potential role of antioxidant therapy in brainstem ischemia/reperfusion, we examined changes in the motor activities of respiration and swallowing before, during, and after a transient vertebral artery clamping-induced brainstem ischemia. We assessed the impact of the antioxidant Twendee X on these activities. Using a perfused brainstem preparation of rats, we recorded respiration and swallowing activities via the vagus, hypoglossal, and phrenic nerves. Swallowing was induced through electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve or by administering oral water. We analyzed changes in respiratory rhythm and motor activity. We also measured reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) in the perfusate to evaluate oxidative and antioxidative stress levels before and after clamping. Additionally, we assessed whether Twendee X administration influenced the changes resulting from ipsilateral brainstem ischemia/reperfusion.

Following the artery clamping, respiration and swallowing-related activities in the vagus and hypoglossal nerves were modestly altered. BAP levels tended to increase after reperfusion, whereas d-ROM levels attributable to brainstem ischemia/reperfusion appeared to be affected by Twendee X administration. These findings may suggest a potential therapeutic role for Twendee X in mitigating neuronal damage in the brainstem caused by ischemia/reperfusion. 

Melatonin is synthesized in the mitochondrial matrix of every cell where it functions as a potent antioxidant [1].  Its position in the mitochondria is fortuitous since these organelles are major contributors to the production of free radicals [reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS)].  Free radicals indiscriminately damage lipids, proteins, DNA, etc.; the damaged molecules contribute to cellular deterioration, organ dysfunction and aging.  The destroyed molecules are referred to as oxidative stress [2].   Melatonin has documented efficacy in slowing the progression of numerous serious diseases that have a free radical component related to their pathophysiology by preventing oxidative stress.  Melatonin has this action in neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, osteoporosis, drug-induced organ failure, etc.  Many pathological cells, but most thoroughly studied in cancer cells, alter their means of processing glucose such that they switch from conventional oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to aerobic glycolysis for energy (ATP) production [3].  This gives the pathological cells an advantage which helps the disease to progress. This abnormal metabolic activity is referred to as Warburg-type metabolism and occurs when pyruvate, an end product of glucose metabolism, is prevented from entering the mitochondria due to the inhibition of the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) which normally converts pyruvate into acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA).  Acetyl CoA is important for supporting OXPHOS and also for mitochondrial melatonin synthesis; so, melatonin levels fall [4]. Thus, the massive number of free radicals in the mitochondria go uncontested and cause extensive metabolic disturbances contributing to disease progression.  In cancer cells, Warburg-type metabolism also leads to chemoresistance.  Treatment of pathological cells with melatonin elevates its levels in the mitochondrial matrix, reverses Warburg metabolism back to normal OXPHOS, and also overcomes cancer chemoresistance making the tumors increasingly sensitive to inhibition by anti-cancer agents [5]. This reversal is mechanistically achieved when melatonin upregulates the SiRT3/FOXO3a/PDH axis and also due to its inhibition of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) which in turn reduces that activity of the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) [5].  This results in the disinhibition of PDH causing the re-establishment of acetyl CoA production thereby restoring intramitochondrial melatonin production and OXPHOS.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are closely associated with brain dysfunction, particularly cognitive decline, which often accompanies aging. Antioxidant supplementation is a promising strategy to mitigate these effects [1,2]. In this study, we investigated the effects of Twendee X, a combination antioxidant supplement containing eight active ingredients, on cognitive and motor functions in middle-aged mice. Male C57BL/6 mice (49 weeks old) were administered Twendee X orally for one month. Behavioral assessments using the Morris water maze test revealed significant improvements in spatial memory, while the Rota-rod test indicated enhanced motor coordination. To explore the potential mechanisms underlying these effects, we performed western blot analyses of neurotrophic factors in the brain; however, no significant changes were detected among the experimental groups. These results suggest that combination antioxidant supplementation may enhance brain function in aging individuals, although the precise molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Regular antioxidant intake may contribute to the prevention of age-related cognitive and motor decline.

Objective:Conventional therapies for laryngeal paralysis and paresis—voice rehabilitation, laryngeal injection, and surgical medialization—are not sufficient for some patients. We previously demonstrated that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) promotes neuromuscular and muscle regeneration in rat models¹⁾. We therefore investigated whether percutaneous bFGF injections can improve voice function in patients with laryngeal paresis. Methods: We enrolled eight adults with chronic unilateral laryngeal paresis (thyroarytenoid involvement, n = 5; cricoarytenoid involvement, n = 3) who exhibited persistent dysphonia despite prior treatments. Under local anesthesia and laryngeal electromyographic guidance, each patient received 10 µg of bFGF injected into the paralyzed muscle once weekly for three to four sessions. We assessed aerodynamic examination, acoustic analysis, GRBAS scale assessment, laryngeal electromyography²⁾, and vocal fold vibratory amplitude (VFVA)²⁾ pre- and post-treatment. Statistical analysis employed paired t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Aerodynamic parameters showed no significant change. Acoustic analysis demonstrated significant improvements in jitter and PPQ. GRBAS scores, electromyographic turn counts, and VFVA all improved significantly. Conclusion: Percutaneous bFGF injections promoted neuromuscular regeneration in paralyzed laryngeal muscles, restoring vibratory symmetry, muscle function, and voice quality in patients with laryngeal paresis refractory to conventional therapies. These findings suggest bFGF as a promising adjunctive therapeutic option for this population.

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology that primarily affects infants and young children. In Japan, it represents the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children. The most serious complication is the development of coronary artery lesions (CAL), which are directly associated with long-term cardiovascular risk. Although immune dysregulation, genetic predisposition, and infectious triggers have been implicated in the pathogenesis of KD, increasing attention has been directed toward the involvement of oxidative stress (OS). 

During the acute phase of KD, OS caused by excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired antioxidant defense mechanisms contributes to vascular inflammation through endothelial cell injury, enhanced cytokine production, and platelet dysfunction. High OS levels in the early phase have been associated with an increased risk of CAL, and OS biomarkers may serve as potential predictors of disease severity. Moreover, OS may persist into the subacute and chronic phases, even after the resolution of overt inflammation. This ongoing oxidative imbalance may impair vascular recovery and contribute to long-term vascular dysfunction, possibly accelerating the development of atherosclerosis. In recent years, the clinical application of OS-related biomarkers has emerged, offering new opportunities for mechanistic disease assessment and the development of personalized treatment strategies.

This presentation summarized current evidence regarding the role of OS in the pathophysiology of KD, and explores how OS-based evaluation and therapeutic approaches may enhance clinical care and prognosis in pediatric patients.

These talks are a short introduction to knot theory from a combinatorial point of view and with an eye towards applications to Natural Science.  The talks are self-contained and form a short introductory course in knot theory.

3. Introduction to the Khovanov Homology via working with the bracket polynomial and  cube categories and applications of Rasmussen invariant to reconnection numbers for knotted vortices. Discussion of other applications of knot theory and knot homology.

These talks are a short introduction to knot theory from a combinatorial point of view and with an eye towards applications to Natural Science.  The talks are self-contained and form a short introductory course in knot theory.

4. Knot theory and quantum computing. This talk will discuss how quantum algorithms that compute the Jones polynomial can be constructed, how the Fibonacci model - based in knot theoretic recoupling theory - can be used to create universal quantum computation, and how this model is related to the Quantum Hall effect. We will also discuss the role of the Dirac equation and Majorana fermions in topological quantum computing.

The original Lie linear algebra [1-3] is the only true linear algebra since it is the line that is the building element, a real “Ding” [1] that does the job in the constructions it puts together bit by bit, step by step, ”as a partial differential equation itself” in the “form f( x y z dx dy dz) = 0” [2,3]. Both the xyz coordinate axes (at the limit scale behaving like quarks) and the dx dy dz partial derivatives are “straight lines of length equal to zero” [Ib.] and thus the infinitesimal generators of what they singly or in constellations outline in a sequential crystallization of “Figuren” [1] in one “Nullstreifen” [Ib.], two “algebraische Fläche” [Ib.] or three - conforming with Schrödinger wavepackets -  “complex-cone” [2-3] dimensions to, for instance, “in that we restrict ourselves to the linear transformations of r, we find between the corresponding transformations of R: all movements (translation movement, rotation-movement, and the helicoidal movement), semblability transformations, transformation by reciprocal radii, parallel transformation…etc”. [Ib.] Each of these is a Lie group  shaped by the algebra  over a range corresponding e.g. to infinitely small displacements about some angle θ,  and since what is presently called Lie algebra  was obtained by deriving such ‘infinitesimal actions’ from the group the baby initially lost by lack of translation is now lost in translation, too, to an analog tail-of-the-dog resultant “linear vector space” whose however majestic coordinate matrices and renormalization factors  never lead back to the original infinitesimal generator “curve net” [2,3] in which the Standard Model can exactly and exhaustively be tracked down by serial interior volume-preserving lattice transformations [4], and the Periodic System equally exactly and exhaustively by its exterior space-filling modular Aufbau [5-8], all of which at the same time providing accurate images and models as well as online interactive computer program bits and algorithms [6-8]. 

We discuss several aspects of geometry and topology of knotted surfaces where the unifying theme is the discrete holonomy groups of corresponding geometric structures, which also involves algebra of varieties of discrete group representations and dynamics of their action in different senses - from dynamics of group orbits in considered spaces to ergodicity of group action, dynamical systems and dynamics of equivariant mappings with bounded distortion (quasiconformal, quasisymmetric and quasiregular). An interesting and unusual aspect is given by the wild properties of obtained knotted surfaces (in particular almost everywhere wildly knotted spheres - cf. A. T. Fomenko's art).

Our approach has a combinatorial flavor based on our method of "hyperbolic block-building", Siamese twins construction resulting in dis-crete representations with arbitrary large kernels (applications of our recently introduced conformal interbreeding generalizing the Gromov-Piatetskii hyperbolic interbreeding). These methods let us construct everywhere wild nontrivial 2-knots and surfaces in 4-sphere and solve well known problems in geometric analysis. Created wild surfaces have ergodic dynamics of uniform hyperbolic lattices and are obtained by constructed wild quasisymmetric maps equivariant with respect to the action of uniform hyperbolic lattices. This is connected to theory of conformal deformations of hyperbolic structures, their Teichmuller spaces (varieties of discrete reprs of hyperbolic lattices) and nontrivial homology 4-cobordisms. For related material (negatively curved locally symmetric rank one spaces, their Teichmuller spaces, reprs-n of uniform hyperbolic lattices, hyperbolic 4-cobordisms and several their appls to algebra, geometry, topology and geom analysis we refer to our new book "Dynamics of Discrete Group Action" published in the series De Gruyter Advances in Analysis and Geometry, 10.

To upgrade the lifetime of mechanical product in transportation, parametric accelerated life testing (ALT) was conducted utilizing a quantum/transported life-stress and sample size model. This reliability method included: (1) a lifetime estimate goal based on BX life with an ALT tactic, (2) an examination of the fatigue load that occurred in transit based on a quantum-transported prototype, (3) a performance of ALTs with changes in design, and (4) in each ALT, a judgement whether the product attained the desired BX lifetime. A stress model developed from an energy balance at the quantum level was formulated. A sample size for producing reliability quantitative (RQ) statements was also proposed. To demonstrate this parametric ALT, refrigerator fatigue failures which occurred during rail transit were evaluated by applying the equivalent raised damage potential which was expressed by the power spectral density (PSD). In the first ALT, for RQ statements (40 min), refrigerant tubes in the refrigerator and soldering in the inverter PCB mounted on rubber made of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) suffered fatigue failure due to an insufficient damping that was caused from the problems in the design of the compressor. The failure during the first ALT was similar to those found in failed refrigerators from the field.  When the rubber mounts and tubes in the compressor were redesigned, there were no issues in the second ALT. The refrigerator thus achieved the desired B1 life during transport.

The answer to Wheeler's question ``How come the quantum?'' given by Kauffman is presented and explored. The answer, going back to an approach by Dirac, proposes a topological origin of Planck's quantum of action h-bar. The proposal assumes that space, particles and wave functions consist of unobservable strands of Planck radius, and that their crossing switches define h-bar. The proposal is checked against all quantum effects, including non-commutativity, spinor wave functions, entanglement, Heisenberg's indeterminacy relation, and the Schrödinger and Dirac equations. The principle of least action is deduced. The spectra of elementary particles, the gauge interactions, and general relativity are derived. Estimates for elementary particle masses and for coupling constants, as well as numerous experimental predictions are deduced. Complete agreement with observations is found. The derivations also appear to eliminate alternatives and thus provide arguments for the uniqueness of the proposal.

There are numerous aspects in the mathematical modeling of vacuum spacetime in Cosmology. Gravitation and electromagnetism are the two actions-at-distance phenomenological fields occurring in a vacuum (without mediating matter with infinite radius).  Nowadays, since the works of Permutter et al. [1] and Riess et al. [2], one of the biggest challenges in cosmology is to understand the physics behind the acceleration of the universe expansion, assumed to be due to an unknown dark energy and also the Universe missing mass assumed to be a dark matter required for maintaining the whole Universe. The Cosmological Constant was classically introduced ad hoc to explain the dark energy. 

The main motivation of the present paper is to develop a mathematical model of Generalized Continuum for analyzing the link between spacetime continuum, gravitation and electromagnetism with the only necessary three phenomenological fields on vacuum spacetime by avoiding micro-particles physics and cosmological fluids, despite their preeminent role in cosmology. The main application is to attempt to explain the concept of dark energy and dark matter. The work rather focuses only on phenomenological fields occurring in a vacuum Universe as a continuum. 

The present paper is based some fundamental assumptions to define the geometrical background of a Generalized Continuum model and the physical events occurring within it [3] : (1) the spacetime has a structure of differentiable four-dimensional manifold endowed with a metric, and independent connection with torsion; (2) only gravitation and electromagnetism are considered as physical fields, since they are the only actions-at-distance among the four universal fundamental forces [4]. The action is composed of the Einstein-Hilbert-Palatini (for gravitation) and Yang-Mills (for electromagnetism) Lagrangians.

The general methodology consists of exploiting the geometric structure of spacetime continuum by reminding Riemann and developing Riemann-Cartan manifolds. Accounting for the torsion field in addition to macroscopic deformation (metric and strain) was inspired from the work of Rainich (1925) [5] and Misner & Wheeler (1957) [6] by adding the property of multiply-connectedness to usual Riemann manifold in the framework of continuum mechanics. These two works were themselves inspired by the works of V. Volterra on dislocations and disclinations (1901) [7]. 

The idea is to reduce the phenomena of gravitation and electromagnetism to the geometric variables  as curvature and torsion fields on the continuum. Torsion will be a matter of concern all along this work, and implicitly we show that spacetime is more and more assimilated to an infinitely small sets of microcosms, as due to brusque cooling of the Universe at the beginning. Mathematical models extending the usual framework for field equation in classical continuum mechanics are developed within the Einstein-Cartan geometric background [8]. 

For the application in Cosmology, the introduction of an ad hoc hypothetical Cosmological Constant is no more necessary as shown by our results. Models nevertheless show the presence of non homogeneous and anisotropic fields definitely replacing an hypothetical Cosmological Constant. 

In sum, only electromagnetic and gravitational fields coupled with Generalized Continuum model might be sufficient to describe dark energy and by the way dark matter by means of the torsion field of the vacuum spacetime [8]. 

Substantial part of the recent progress in deeper understanding the properties of zeolites, their active sites, defects, interactions with guest species, as well as their sorption and catalytic behavior was done with coherent contributions from experimental studies and computational modeling based on quantum chemical methods. The significant progress of computational resources allowed simulations to approach complexity of real systems. 

The first topic is connected with the interpretation of experimental spectral features and acidity of OH groups in zeolites as well as the interplay between silanols and bridging hydroxyls. An advantage of our modeling is that one has consistent information about the spectral and structural features of each individual OH group. In this way we derived correlations of the calculated ¹H NMR chemical shifts and stretching O-H vibrational frequencies with the formed H-bonds [1]. The calculated acidity of the hydroxyl groups is found to be in the range of super acids in the gas phase, but it does not correlate with the NMR or IR spectral features [2].

The second topic is related to location of germanium centers in germanosilicate zeolite and influence of the template on it based on the relative stability of the structures. The results suggested that in the studied zeolite germanium centers tend to cluster in part of the double four rings, while other double four rings are composed only by silicon T atoms for both SCM-14 [3] and SCM-15 [4] structures. The simulations also clarified that the influence of the OSDA on the germanium distribution is strong and for SCM-15 the presence of OSDA even alters the stability order of the structures with different germanium distribution [5]. The research is supported by Bulgarian Science Fund, contract № КП-06-ДВ-2/16.12.2024.

Zeolites as inorganic highly crystalline materials possess high hydrothermal stability even at high temperatures. Due to their microporosity, they exhibit selectivity for various reactions, including cracking and isomerization [1].In order to expand the possibilities for their application, there is interest in zeolites with extremely large pores. A recent notable discovery in the field of zeolite synthesis is the extremely large-pore size above 20 A⁰ aluminosilicate zeolite, ZMQ-1, achieved directly by synthesis using a quaternary phosphonium salt [2]. It exhibits robust hydrothermal stability during calcination and template removal under atmospheric conditions.

In order to obtain suitable templates for the synthesis of large-pore zeolites, we synthesized a series of phosphorus-containing coumarin derivatives [3]. In the present study an approach for synthesis of 3,3’-biscoumarins have been presented. Two types of coumarinphosphonium salts were applied as appropriate precursors for in situ generated ylides for Wittig olefination with aromatic aldehydes or coumarin carbaldehydes. In the present study an approach for synthesis of 3,3’-biscoumarins have been presented. Two types of coumarinphosphonium salts were applied as appropriate precursors for in situ generated ylides for Wittig olefination with aromatic aldehydes or coumarin carbaldehydes. The preferred stereochemistry of the formed π-bond between the two coumarin fragments has characterized as trans (E)-configuration in the obtained compounds. Several styryl coumarins containing phosphonic substituents in the lactone ring and suitable modification groups in the benzene ring have been prepared. Initial studies on their application as templates are in progress.R.N. acknowledge the European Union—NextGenerationEU, through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria, project No BG-RRP-2.004-0008.

This paper is the latest contribution to a sequence of studies aiming to replace collapses resulting from measurements by spontaneous collapses [1-2]. The aim of Time Dependent Perturbation Theory (TDPT) is to calculate the transition probability between stationary states induced by a time dependent perturbation ([3], p. 168). Processes supposedly spontaneous, such as absorption and emission of radiation, radioactive decay and chemical reactions, involve transitions between stationary states. We have shown that in the framework of Orthodox Quantum Mechanics (OQM) transitions between stationary states require collapses, in turn requiring measurements. Hence, they cannot be considered spontaneous processes [1-2]. To solve this problem we assume that collapses necessary to yield transitions between stationary states are not the result of measurements but of a tendency of the system to jump into some states called preferred states. We suggest a modification of the formalism of OQM where the concept of preferred states plays a paramount role. The resulting theory is named Theory of Spontaneous Collapses Induced by a Time Dependent Perturbation (SCSS). Differing from other theories of spontaneous collapses [4], it is in compliance with the statistical meaning of conservation of energy.

Industrial production of olefin based polymers by the cationic route is challenging due to a number of constraints.  These include: the requisite use of highly purified materials, in most cases halogenated solvents are needed for efficient initiation, explosive and uncontrollable reaction, and the fact that very low reaction T is required to produce high molecular weight chains.  This presentation constitutes a public disclosure (World Patent Pending) of another premier discovery by Dr. Lewis, a new strategy for producing polymers based on isobutene at ultra-high reaction T (up to 50 °C) in the absence of halogenated solvents and if desired in the complete absence of solvent.  The chemistry is based on the modification of a common Lewis acid and is comparable in terms of cost to existing systems used in the industrial production of isobutene based polymers (e.g., butyl rubber, polyisobutene); however, by subjecting this acid to "modification" its activity for inducing cationic polymerization at abnormally high reaction T is enhanced.  Furthermore, this strategy produces initiators that have tunable activity and may hold promise as the basis of high T pseudo-living polymerization systems for olefins.  In addition to small scale polymerization experiments cursory pilot plant studies have been run and the chemistry of the initiator system itself has been explored by multi-nuclear NMR spectroscopy and these results are discussed herein as well.

Water, as an omnipresent substance, plays a vital role in many aspects of our lives, ranging from sustaining living organisms to driving technological advancements. The exploration of organic reactions in water or the utilization of natural water as a reactant has attracted significant attention due to their advantages, including unique reaction performance, environmental friendliness, and reduction of harmful wastes. In this talk, the recent research progress on new polymerization approaches involving water and monomers containing triple-bond functionalities such as diyne, isocyanides, and bromoalkynes will be introduced. Furthermore,several click polymerization methods in aqueous media will be discussed. The “on water” effect facilitates polymerization in aqueous media more effectively than in conventional organic solvents. Additionally, many luminogens possessing aggregation-induced emission and natural characteristics (BioAIEgens) are developed in a water system. The synthesized polymers, small molecules, and BioAIEgens show unique characteristics and functions such as aggregation-induced emission (AIE), clusteroluminescence, bio-imaging ability, and stimuli-responsive response. With the aim of exploring polymerizations on/in water, we hope this talk could provide insight into polymerizations of water and triple-bond based monomers, as well as the preparation of functional materials under mild reaction conditions or through the utilization of water.

Creating and curating new data appends the way we approach materials science. In additive manufacturing (AM), the fabrication of parts and objects with high complexity and high performance is advantageous over other methods. Using nanocomposites enables highly improved properties even with “commodity polymers” that do not need to undergo high-temperature processes or extensive reformulation. With artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML), optimizing the formulation and manufacturing methods is possible. Using sensors capable of a feedback loop mechanism and the ability to use simulation to create digital twins, optimizing properties in record time is possible. Statistical and logic-derived design, including regression analysis, are starting points for designing experiments (DOE) or principal component analysis(PCA) in optimization and analysis vs trial-and-error approaches when working with polymer materials. In this talk, we demonstrate the approaches toward understanding Nanostructuring in composites and hierarchical approaches in optimization via AI/ML and other training/learning sets for specific properties and applications, such as 3D printing and flow chemistry reactions. Introducing more sensors (monitoring instruments) in AM processes and real-time ML with online monitoring allows a feedback loop and deep learning (DL) for autonomous fabrication and data analytics.

The global plastic waste crisis persists as a pressing environmental challenge, with conventional degradation methods revealing fundamental technical constraints. Current industrial-scale recycling approaches suffer from downcycling effect, restricted applicability, and concomitant microplastic generation, [1,2] which underscores the urgent demand for transformative recycling paradigms that harmonize operational simplicity, economic feasibility, and minimal resource expenditure.

Sunlight-drive decomposition represents a revolutionary paradigm, which operates under ambient conditions with near-zero energy input, positioning a scalable and environmentally benign management solution. [3] However, achieving complete decomposition while maintaining essential material performance constitutes a critical technological hurdle.

we present a transformative materials design strategy as a potential solution to the problem. This design philosophy stems from our previous discovery that a polydiacetylene containing short carboxylic acid side groups undergoes complete degradation into small molecules under sunlight in either air or aqueous environments, primarily through the cleavage of its C=C and C≡C bonds in the backbone. [4] Intriguingly, the topochemical polymerization mechanism inherent to polydiacetylenes is particularly advantageous for crystalline engineering plastics with regularly aligned polymer strands. Using industrial crystalline engineering plastic polyamide 6/10 (nylon 6/10, or PA610) as a model system, our design introduces diacetylene moieties within the strands of PA610 while maintaining the commercial-grade properties of the materials in terms of mechanical properties and transparency. When exposed to sunlight, the inter-chain topochemical polymerization among adjacent diacetylene units occurs, creating a crosslinked network embedding photodegradable elements in both crosslinkers and polymer strands. The derived material then completely degrades in natural environment within 5 months. 

This sunlight-responsive switching mechanism elegantly reconciles the conflicting requirements of structural robustness during service life and controlled degradability at end-of-life, establishing a new paradigm for sustainable materials engineering.

Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) chemistry has emerged as a powerful tool for selective molecular functionalization, finding increasing applications in polymer chemistry to control polymer properties and enable degradation. This study explores the versatility of HAT in two distinct areas of polymer science. First, we investigate the use of photocatalyzed HAT for the synthesis of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents (CTAs) by modifying various substrates, and evaluate the resulting CTAs in both thermal and photoinduced electron transfer (PET)-RAFT polymerization for controlled polymerization and copolymer synthesis. This approach is then extended to functionalize polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), enabling the synthesis of graft copolymers. Second, we present a novel strategy to enhance the depolymerization of non-functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) by enabling in situ activation of the polymer backbone using photoinduced HAT. We demonstrate that disulfide-based RAFT agents, particularly bis(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl) disulfide, can effectively promote depolymerization under mild conditions to generate monomers. In both applications, photocatalysts, including iron(III) chloride (FeCl3), are investigated to promote HAT, leveraging the advantages of mild and efficient radical generation under light irradiation compared to conventional thermal HAT systems. This work highlights the broad potential of HAT chemistry in developing advanced polymer synthesis and degradation strategies

This lecture will address the development of a new generation of self-healable copolymers capable of electrical energy storage, forming higher-than-binary logic circuits. Under non-equilibrium conditions, polar-dipolar interactions facilitate the ion-lock energy storage that can be maintained for extended times. These attributes can be obtained by the precise copolymerization of an ionic liquid monomer composed of covalently affixed dipolar aliphatic spacers and tails enabling cation-anion polarization. The degree of cation-anion pair polarization governs the energy storage beyond classical approximations, whereas ion-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and dipole-dipole coupling facilitate multi-logic circuitry, thus providing an opportunity for the development of higher-than-binary logic systems with multi-valued logic gates, making them attractive materials in quantum computing, fuzzy logic, or modeling uncertainty. These composition-driven copolymers exhibit self-healing properties due to significant entropy increases, causing energy dissipation and reversible segmental rearrangements to achieve energetically favorable states. The combination of directional and non-directional entropy-driven interchanges appears promising for identifying poly(ionic liquid) copolymer architectures capable of mechanical adaptability, dynamic self-healing, sustainability, and ionic conductivity.

Controlled radical polymerization (CRP) is typically performed under inert conditions, requiring rigorous deoxygenation procedures such as inert gas purging or freeze–pump–thaw cycles, as oxygen acts as an inhibitor by quenching free radicals. To overcome oxygen inhibition, strategies such as enzymatic cascade catalysis have been explored, where molecular oxygen is converted into radicals to initiate polymerization. However, the reliance on enzymes increases system complexity and limits compatibility with hydrophobic monomers due to the aqueous medium requirement. In this work, we present a novel strategy that utilizes oxygen to initiate and regulate polymerization. By leveraging the homolytic substitution reactions between oxygen and trialkylboranes, carbon-based radicals are generated, serving as effective initiators for radical processes. We have successfully applied this oxygen-initiated system to RAFT polymerization and ATRP. Furthermore, we exploit the side reaction where radicals react with oxygen to form peroxy radicals, directly incorporating oxygen as a monomer into the polymer backbone. This approach enables the design of polyperoxides as novel polymers that can act as biological prodrugs, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) for potential applications such as cancer therapy. This work demonstrates a versatile and innovative use of oxygen in CRP, expanding its utility in both polymerization control and functional material design. 

Thin film processing is an emerging technology where the liquid is subjected to centrifugal forces/shear stress or mechanical energy within dynamic thin films on a surface. The vortex fluidic device (VFD) as a paradigm shifts in flow processing, with scalability factored in under the continuous-flow mode of operation of the device, along with its utility for tuning the size, morphology, and properties of materials at the nanoscale dimension. The VFD delivers high shear as a constant form of mechanical energy, with tunable control over the processing. This talk delivers information about the significance of utilizing the VFD to control material structure-property relationships of polymer composites at the nanoscale with emphasis on its high green chemistry metrics [1]. A few case studies have been highlighted in this talk including (1) hyperbranched polymers tune properties of alginate hydrogels [2], (2) fabrication of PVA hydrogel with tunable surface morphologies and enhanced self-healing properties [3, 4], (3) fluorescent hyperbranched polymers [5] and (4) enhancement of mechanical properties and microstructure of biomass-based biodegradable films [6]. 

The synthesis of sustainable polymers is a hot topic but a challenging issue in the field of polymer chemistry. In this report, we report on the synthesis of polyesters from cationic copolymerization of aldehydes (and acetals)[1-2] with cyclic anhydrides through using a series of catalyst/initiator. Aldehydes and cyclic anhydrides are two important types of oxygen-rich compounds that can also be derived from biomass, and acetals can be derived from diol and formaldehyde. This report presents a new family of alternating aldehydes and cyclic anhydrides through cationic mechanism, including aldehyde (acetal)/cyclic anhydride copolymers with fully alternated sequence, especially, sea water degradable the formaldehyde/cyclic anhydride copolymers with AB/ABB sequence[3], and flame-retardant chloral/cyclic anhydride copolymers [4] will be highlighted. The cationic polymerization is versatile and has successfully synthesized polyesters with new structures, which can potentially be used in the manufacture of plastics and rubbers. At high temperatures, these polymers could be degraded to the initial aldehydes and cyclic anhydrides, and the recovery rate exceeds 90%, thus achieving efficient closed-loop recovery of the monomers. The oxygen-rich polyester synthesized from biomass demonstrates the concept of low-carbon polymers.

MilliporeSigma (The life science business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) developed and launched DOZN™2.0 in 2017, a unique web-based greener alternative scoring matrix. This quantitative green chemistry evaluator is based on the 12 principles of green chemistry for customers to evaluate their relative greenness of their processes which provide a framework for learning about green chemistry and designing or improving materials, products, processes, and systems. DOZN™2.0 scores products based on metrics for each principle and aggregates the principle scores to derive a final aggregate score. Through the system it is possible to calculate a green score for each substance based on manufacturing inputs, GHS, and SDS data. DOZN™2.0 is flexible enough to encompass a diverse portfolio of products and it has been verified and validated by a third party to ensure best practices are applied. Based on customer feedback, an upgraded version of the tool, DOZN™3.0, launched in December 2024. Through DOZN™3.0, customers now have access to calculate the green scores of their processes and products. DOZN™3.0 keeps data privacy top of mind - allowing customers to score their processes/products in a safe and secure manner. Come learn how to make your science greener using this free, web-based tool provides users with more data so that they are properly equipped to improve their sustainability.

Nanopatterned interfaces enable precise control over surface morphology and chemistry at the nanoscale, offering advanced capabilities in biosensing, molecular capture, and adaptive surface engineering. Their high-aspect-ratio structures enhance film integrity and allow spatially discrete functional domains. When combined with stimuli-responsive polymers, these surfaces can respond dynamically to environmental cues[1]. However, most existing systems incorporate only one type of responsive polymer, limiting their functionality and versatility[2]. Challenges in fabrication and chemical compatibility have hindered the integration of multiple responsive components into a single nanoscale interface. Recent advances in nanolithographic templating and surface-initiated photoinduced electron transfer-reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (SI-PET-RAFT) polymerization have enabled the creation of binary-patterned surfaces with independent spatial and chemical control[3]. We constructed a dual-responsive nanopatterned interface by integrating photothermal polypyrrole (PPy) with thermoresponsive poly(EGMEA-co-PEGMEA) brushes[4]. Nanoporous PPy films were prepared via colloidal templating and electrochemical deposition, followed by selective brush growth through SI-PET-RAFT polymerization. This binary system demonstrates the synergistic potential of combining multiple responsive elements within confined nanostructures. It offers a modular platform for multifunctional surfaces with applications in biosensing, targeted capture, and smart biointerfaces.

Unlike most other metals, tungsten does not form rich ores. As known tungsten deposits are depleted, the profitability of tungsten production declines. The transition to underground processing of tungsten ores makes it possible to overcome this negative trend. To achieve this, tungsten ore is ground in a ball mill, flooded by a water-salt solution with an intermediate density between the valuable mineral and the waste rock. Thus, as the gangue components are released from the intergrowths with the valuable ore minerals, this ballast floats up, avoiding the energy cost of additional size reduction. After the separation products have been extracted, they are wringed out in a centrifuge and the last remnants of the liquid phase are regenerated from the wet surface. The water-salt solution, regenerated to its original density, is returned to the head of the process. As a working medium for carrying out such a process, aqueous-salt solutions based on heteropolytungstates are used.

This study investigates the extrusion-based 3D printing response of hybrid geopolymer-cement mortars formulated with copper mine tailings and silt as alternative raw materials. A Taguchi design was employed to evaluate the effects of extrusion pressure, nozzle diameter-to-layer height (ND/LH) ratio, and print speed under varying Z-Max settings on print quality, dimensional accuracy, and defect formation. Twenty-seven experimental runs using a hollow cylindrical geometry were conducted, with both qualitative and quantitative assessments of surface finish, layer consistency, and dimensional errors. Results showed that a Z-Max setting of 413 mm yielded the highest print success rate, while settings between 412.7 and 412.9 mm led to frequent failures due to over-extrusion, under-extrusion, and poor interlayer adhesion. The ND/LH ratio was identified as the most statistically significant factor, strongly affecting total height (p = 0.000) and outer diameter (p = 0.002), whereas extrusion pressure had minimal influence. Best parameters for height and dimensional accuracy were 2.5 bar pressure, a 4:1 ND/LH ratio, and 20 mm/s print speed. For improved inner and outer diameter control, 2 bar pressure, a 2:1 ND/LH ratio, and 15 mm/s proved more effective. A demonstration block printed using the best-performing settings confirmed the influence of path design on geometric fidelity. Notable defects such as edge curvature, center voids, and inconsistent layering underscore the importance of refined path coding. In summary, the findings support the viability of mine tailings and silt in 3D-printable construction applications and highlight the critical role of process parameter optimization in achieving geometric precision.

Mine waste remains a persistent challenge for the minerals industry, posing significant environmental concerns if not properly managed. The 1996 Marcopper mining disaster in Marinduque, Philippines, left a legacy of mine tailings that continue to threaten local ecosystems and communities. This study investigates the valorization and stabilization of Marcopper river sediments contaminated with mine tailings using a combined geopolymerization and cement hydration approach. Hybrid mortar samples were prepared with 7.5%, 15%, 22.5%, and 30% mine tailings by weight, incorporating potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 1M and 3M concentrations as alkaline activators, along with ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The mechanical properties of the hybrid geopolymer-cement mortars were evaluated through unconfined compressive strength tests, while their crystalline structure, phase composition, surface morphology, and chemical bonding characteristics were also analyzed. Static leaching tests were conducted to assess the mobility of heavy metals within the geopolymer matrix. Compressive strengths ranged from 24.22 MPa to 53.99 MPa, satisfying ASTM C150 requirements. In addition, leaching results confirmed effective heavy metal encapsulation and immobilization, demonstrating the potential of this method for mitigating environmental risks associated with mine tailings.

This study aims to quantify the amount of iron recoverable from iron ore tailings through physical separation methods applied both individually and in combined sequences. The separation techniques employed include the Humphrey spiral concentrator, magnetic drum separator, and shaking table, all widely used for fine mineral processing. The experiments were designed to evaluate the iron content recovered using each method separately and all six possible combinations of the three techniques in different sequences. For each configuration, tailings samples were processed, and the resulting concentrate was analyzed to determine iron recovery efficiency, yield, and grade. The results showed that while individual methods such as the shaking table or magnetic separation yielded moderate iron recoveries, sequential processing— particularly combinations starting with gravity concentration (Humphrey spiral) followed by magnetic separation—produced significantly higher iron recovery rates. The study demonstrates that proper sequencing of physical separation techniques can substantially enhance the beneficiation potential of iron ore tailings, contributing to resource recovery and environmental demage mitigation.

Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is gaining traction in the mining industry as an effective means to improve flotation performance, particularly for fine and ultrafine minerals [1, 2]. While HC has shown promising results in industrial flotation circuits, the lack of mechanistic understanding has hindered its optimal implementation. In particular, the specific ways in which HC influences key subprocesses – such as bubble–particle attachment – remain insufficiently explored. This study addresses this gap by investigating how HC alters the physicochemical environment of flotation systems, focusing on the role of soluble gases and the formation of surface nanobubbles (NBs).

We hypothesize that HC enhances flotation primarily by increasing dissolved gas concentrations in water and facilitating the nucleation and stabilization of interfacial nanobubbles. These NBs can alter surface properties by increasing hydrophobicity and strengthening hydrophobic interactions [3, 4], thereby improving the efficiency of bubble–particle attachment – a crucial step in flotation that dictates recovery and kinetics. Despite the increasing application of HC in industry, this surface-science-based mechanism has not been systematically studied or linked to flotation outcomes.

To test this hypothesis, two complementary experimental systems were used. A modified laboratory-scale mechanical flotation cell was applied to coal, representing an industrially relevant mineral system. In parallel, a modified Hallimond tube was employed to float hydrophobized silica particles under controlled conditions, allowing for assessment of the attachment process. Both systems were tested with and without HC treatment to distinguish their specific effects on flotation performance and surface interactions.

The results confirm that HC significantly enhances flotation outcomes. In the coal system, flotation recovery improved by 11% using HC-treated water, and by 15% when particles were directly exposed to HC, with marked increases in flotation rate and collection efficiency. In the silica system, recovery rose by 21%, and attachment efficiency increased by more than threefold. These improvements were associated with larger particle aggregates, greater bubble wrap angles, elevated gas solubility, reduced surface tension, and disappearance of SFG (Sum-Frequency-Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy) peak at 3700 cm^-1 of the free OH dangling at the bubble surface – all indicative of favorable conditions for nanobubble formation and enhanced surface hydrophobicity [5].

This work provides compelling evidence that the flotation benefits of HC are underpinned by its effects on surface chemistry – specifically, the generation of soluble gases and interfacial nanobubbles that promote more efficient bubble–particle interactions. By bridging industrial flotation performance with fundamental surface science, this study offers novel insights into the mechanisms of HC-enhanced flotation. These findings lay the groundwork for more rational design and optimization of cavitation-based technologies in mineral processing, advancing the development of efficient and sustainable flotation strategies.

Picui is one of the most traditional municipality of mineral producing of serido region, state of Paraiba, Brazil, where the mining prospector dates back to the late 19th century. Occupies a significant portion of the of Pegmatític Borborema Province, of immense geological diversity. Supracrustal rocks of the Seridó Group (schists, quartzites and gneisses) were affected by granitic, pegmittic and volcanic magmatic events, imprinting batholiths, plugs dikes, sills and veins. The set was subordinated to compressional tectonic events evidenced by the Picuí-João Câmara, Frei Martinho and Santa Mônica shear zones, imprinting failed and folded fractures. Various metallic and nonmetallic minerals are extracted economically of pegmatite bodies, such is quartz, feldspar, muscovite, beril, tantalite, spodumene (used in the manufacture of batteries for electric cars), in addition to granites for ornamental stone and civil construction and clays for red pottery, completing the mineral production chain. The Mining forms the basis of the economy of the region, especially in periods of major droughts, when agricultural activities become impractical. The artisanal mining (“garimpo”)  is the principal activity on region, causing significant environmental degradation due to lack of planning and specialized professionals.  Development in technology, increasing environmental awareness of the public and private sectors and the implementation of new Laws must inevitably be applied of the mineral sector to adhere to the principles of sustainability of clean development. This work presents the many faces of the small mining of  Picui and offers challenges, questions and opportunities for mining support.

Gem mining in Sri Lanka has been a cornerstone of the nation's economy for centuries, renowned globally for its high-quality gemstones. However, this thriving industry generates vast quantities of waste, with most of it being discarded or used for backfilling, leading to severe environmental degradation and loss of valuable resources. My research has revealed that this so-called waste is, in fact, an untapped secondary resource for critical rare earth elements (REEs), essential for high-tech industries and the global transition towards green energy. This study presents a transformative model for sustainable REE recovery from gem mining waste, aligning with circular economy principles in mineral processing. It focused on the gem mining waste at the basin of Kulu river, Sri Lanka, where the organic-rich clay layer beneath the gem-bearing gravel exhibited a total REE concentration of 5095 mg/kg, with a nearly balanced distribution of light (LREEs) and heavy REEs (HREEs). Through a combination of advanced chemical leaching using H2SO4 and optimized physical upgrading techniques, it is achieved an exceptional REE recovery of 94%. The leaching process was determined to be controlled by lixiviant diffusion through unreacted particles, providing valuable insights for process scaling. Furthermore, simple wet sieving and density separation for gem-bearing gravel layer enhanced the REE content to a remarkable 3.0% REO in the concentrate. However, the detection of high uranium levels (up to 814 mg/kg) in the concentrate emphasizes the need for responsible waste management and radiation safety protocols. Beyond technical innovation, this research aligns with Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles, offering a model for responsible and sustainable resource management in the mining industry. These findings unlock the economic potential of gem mining waste in Sri Lanka and provide a blueprint for sustainable REE recovery from gem mining waste worldwide. This study demonstrates how a circular economy approach can transform waste into a strategic resource, supporting global efforts to secure REE supply chains, minimize environmental impacts, and promote sustainable development.

This study investigates the effects of incorporating iron ore tailings in their raw (as-received) state as a partial substitute for natural sand and stone powder in the production of interlocking concrete blocks. The research aims to evaluate the technical viability and environmental benefits of utilizing this mining residue as an alternative fine aggregate. Granulometric analyses were conducted to determine the compatibility of the tailings with standard grading curves recommended by Brazilian technical norms. Experimental concrete mixes were formulated with varying replacement percentages (6%, 13%, and 20%) of the tailings, and corresponding curves were compared to reference limits for block production. The results demonstrated that the inclusion of iron ore tailings from 6% up to 20% maintained the granulometric conformity necessary for non-structural concrete block fabrication and testing the bloc's compression resistence for 30 days as brazilian normatives indicate . This approach offers a sustainable and cost-effective solution by valorizing mining waste and reducing the demand for virgin raw materials.

The Núcleo de Estudos de Pegmatitos (N-PEG) is a multidisciplinary study center addressing granitic pegmatites in the most diverse aspects: mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry, internal structure, gemology, geochronology, experimental studies, fluid inclusions, associated mineralizations, small-scale and artesanal mining and mine waste recycling. It was created in 2013, at IFPB, Campina Grande campus, subordinate to the Coordination of Technical Courses in Mining. N-PEG arose from the need to disseminate publications addressing granitic pegmatites (many of them not available on the Internet) and share experiences and research with researchers from different regions, in addition to providing scientific support for students and professionals in the area. It has a digital database (in pdf), currently with 6402 publications (scientific articles, theses, dissertations, event summaries, technical reports, among others), with emphasis on pegmatites from the Borborema Pegmatite Province (BPP), located between the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba. The digital database was assembled from the acquisition of publications available on the Internet and in university libraries and private collections, placed in digital media. The samples from the PPB's educational collection of pegmatite minerals were collected in the field or acquired from local miners. A photographic database was created from field trips, aiming to generate a digital photographic atlas. N-PEG has collaborated with the preparation of theses and dissertations from several institutions. The partnership between researchers from IFPB and other national and international institutions has enabled the publication of scientific articles that have generated several citations on the Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar platforms. A research group was recently created with CNPq (https://dgp.cnpq.br/dgp/espelhogrupo/8331635171367817)and a group on the Whatsapp application (https://chat.whatsapp.com/BdANcqYlHclDLugL5uETpC) aiming at greater interaction between researchers. N-PEG makes national and international publications available to researchers and students, in addition to contributing to the advancement of research related to granitic pegmatites.

The Tertiary volcano of the Macau Formation, related to the last magmatic pulses of the Borborema Province in the states of Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte, manifested itself in the forms of plugs, dikes, veins, piroclasts and fissural flows. In the municipalities of Boa Vista, Sossego, Barra de Santa Rosa and Olivedos, the volcanic protoliths are arranged in the form of fissural flows of amoeboidal architecture, subjected to intense chemical weathering, evolving into calcium bentonite clays of the Campos Novos type, mined in the open pit. Boa Vista is the municipality that has the main bentonite deposits, with the occurrence of fossilized tree trunks; In Sossego, pockets of chalcedony are carved together with the bentonites; In Barra de Santa Rosa, the quantification of the deposits is in the conclusive phase of research. In Olivedos, the main bentonite mining takes place on the Campos de Baixo farm by Mineradora Meira de Melo. The open pit is constantly evolving, currently with a depth of more than 6 meters, where it was possible to establish on the main slope of the mine, a lithostratigraphic column consisting from the top to the base of soil, high Ti basalt, high Ti tuff, red bentonite, cream bentonite and white bentonite. The alteration products were submitted to expandability tests when submerged in water, petrographic analysis and geochemical analysis by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), with the objective of contributing to the genetic knowledge through the geochemical composition and ionic mobility in the weathering profile. The results indicated that the mobility of the iron and manganese oxides-hydroxides, with impoverishment from the top to the bottom of the profile, were the main responsible for the change in the shade of the bentonites. White bentonite is essentially carbonate, with extremely high Ca values, around 83.76%, of zero expansion, with the presence of calcite. This factor, associated with the very low levels of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3, make the white bentonites distinguishable from the others, with special characteristics for the manufacturing industry. Trace elements and incompatible elements occur variably along the weathering profile, and are sometimes completely leached into the more evolved bentonites. The results obtained are considered preliminary, since they are part of the set of data related to the Doctoral Thesis being prepared by the first author at the Federal University of Campina Grande.

Stratigraphy examines the origin, sequence, structure, fossils and lithology, age of rocks, age of formations and layers of the earth's crust. Stratigraphic studies are not only based on knowing the sequence of sedimentary layers in different geological times in order to understand the history of earth events and the evolution of organisms, but also examines the lateral changes of facies in different places. In other words, stratigraphy examines the determination of changes in the earth's layers and their relative age, which is based on the following three principles: 1- The principle of stacking of layers: In this case, the layers may have changed due to tectonic factors, in this condition, the science of stratigraphy is related to the science of structural geology. 2- The principle of continuity in a certain sedimentary layer in terms of petrological properties: in this case, stratigraphy is related to petrology. 3- The principle of similitude in the paleontology of strata: in this case, palaeontology is considered the basis of the science of stratigraphy.

Bentonite is an industrial clay widely used in various sectors, such as well drilling, ceramics, foundry, and environmental barriers, due to its unique physicochemical properties. This study aims to characterize the bentonites from the Campo Novo Mine, located in the municipality of Sossego-PB, by analyzing their formation processes, mineralogical properties, and industrial applications. The bentonites in this region originate from the weathering and hydrothermal alteration of basalts, leading to the formation of clay minerals from the smectite group, such as montmorillonite. To analyze these clays, technical visits were carried out for sample collection, followedby laboratory tests, including drying in an oven, comminution, dry and wet sieving, magnetic separation, and swelling tests. The results indicated that the cream-colored bentonite 2 had the highest swelling capacity, while the white bentonite showed lower expansion, possibly due to its high calcium content. Mineralogical analysis revealed variations in the composition of the samples, confirming the influence of geological processes on their formation. Magnetic separation demonstrated differences in the mineralogical composition among the samples, suggesting variations in bentonite quality. From an economic perspective, the exploitation of bentonites in Sossego represents a promising opportunity for the local industry, provided it is carried out sustainably. Thus, this study contributes to the geological and technological knowledge of Paraíba's bentonites, providing informationfor optimizing their industrial use and for future research on the mineralogical variability of the region.

The production andapplication of self–fluxing surfacingalloys is a complex scientific and technical problem associatedwith the development of effective technologicalprocesses for their productionand the rationalization of compositions that ultimatelyimprove the performance properties of protective coatings. Toobtain wear–resistant coatingsby gas-flame surfacing, self-fluxing surfacing powdersbased on nickel, nickeland chromiumor cobaltcontaining boron andsilicon additives are often used- these are, as a rule, chemically complexmulticomponent systems includingscarce elements. Inthis regard, a promising direction for the development of repair production of critical machine partsand mechanismsis the development of scientific foundationsand technology for the production of high-entropy alloys. The scientific basis for the development of high-entropy alloyscan becreated on the basis of establishing patterns of formation of phase equilibrium lineson diagrams of the state of systems. It is based on them that it is possible to predict the rationalcompositions of new high-performancealloys and materialsmost effectively.Thus, the study is aimedat solving the problem of studying the physico-chemical and structuralfeatures of high-entropy alloys of the FeNiCrCuSiC system in order toestablish optimal compositions.Studies of the effect of temperatureand boronon the production of a high-entropy alloy of the FeNiCrCuSiC system were carried out by thermodynamic modeling using the HSC-6.0 software packagedeveloped by Outokumpu ResearchOy (Finland). The Equilibrium Compositions subroutine basedon the Gibbs minimumenergy principle was used for the calculation. The quantitative distribution of substances containingiron, nickeland chromium,depending on the temperatureat the lower (2%)and upper(5%) boundaries of the boron change is shown in the figure, fromwhich it can be seen thatborides, silicides andcarbides are formed in the system. It can be seen that a change in the amount of boronfrom 2to 5%of the mass of the systemleads to the development of chromium silicification. At the same time, the amount of Fe,Ni, Crdecreases. According to preliminary forecasts,when obtaining a self-fluxing surfacing powderbased on iron, an increase in the boron content contributes to the formation of strengthening compounds with a decrease in the melting point of the alloy [1-4].

Studies of the effect of temperature and boronon the production of self-fluxing surfacingpowder based on iron were carried out by thermodynamicmodeling using the HSC-6.0software package [1-3]developed by Outokumpu ResearchOy (Finland).

The Equilibrium Compositionssubroutine based on the Gibbs minimum energyprinciple was used for the calculation. Based on theprimary material obtainedusing the HSC-6.0 softwarepackage (Figure), it follows that the following substances are present in the systems, depending on the temperature and amount of boron: Ni2Si, Fe2B, Fe, Cr4C, Ni, Cr, Cu, FeB, Fe3Si, NiSi, CrB, Cr3C, Cr7C3, CrB2, Ni3B, CrSi, Cr3C2.

The results of influence of amount of SiC additives to HfB₂ and the physical chemical characteristics of the additives will be under the discussion. Studies of the resistance to ablation of hot-pressed HfB₂ and HfB₂-SiC samples heated by a gas burner showed that HfB₂ ceramics with the addition of 30 wt.% SiC with average grain sizes of 30-50 μm (powder with fragmented grains with sharp edges with approximate average stoichiometry SiC_1.6O_0.1, and  6_H SiC structure) and 5-10 μm (single-crystal grains with a hypercubic shape, close to spherical, practically free of impurities, with approximate stoichiometry SiC_1.5, b-SiC) have significantly higher thermal resistance – up to temperatures of 2766 and 2780 °C, respectively (mass loss of 0.25 mg/s) than HfB₂ ceramics without additives, samples of which cracked already at 1870 °C. The formation of a framework from SiC when 40 wt.% SiC was added resulted in decrease of resistance to ablation, of Young's modulus, and the material cracking at low temperature during heating in air. The composite made from a mixture of HfB₂ - 30 wt.% b-SiC (5-10 μm) by hot pressing under a pressure of 30 MPa, 1950 °C, 30 min. with a specific gravity of 6.54 g/cm³ demonstrated the highest Vickers microhardness H_V(9.8 N)=38.6±2.5 GPa and fracture toughness, K_1c(9.8 N)=7.7 ± 0.9 MPa m^0.5, Young's modulus 510 GPa. The additions of SiC_6H with sharp fragment grains of 1 μm in size with a lamellar or strongly elongated in one direction grains, with an approximate stoichiometry of SiC_4.6O_0.75 or 3-10 μm with an approximate stoichiometry of SiC_2.3O_0.25 added in the same amount (30 wt.%) were cracked during heating in air at a temperature of 1787 and 1455 °C, respectively.

Green chemistry started for the search of benign methods for the development of nanoparticles from nature and their use in the field of antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumor applications. Bio wastes are eco-friendly starting materials to produce typical nanoparticles with well-defined chemical composition, size, and morphology. Cellulose, starch, chitin and chitosan are the most abundant biopolymers around the world.   Cellulose nanoparticles (fibers, crystals and whiskers) can be extracted from agrowaste resources. Chitin is the second most abundant biopolymer after cellulose, it is a characteristic component of the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of arthropods and nanoparticles of chitin (fibers, whiskers) can be extracted from shrimp and crab shells.  Starch nano particles can be extracted from tapioca and potato wastes. These nanoparticles can be converted into smart and functional biomaterials by functionalization through chemical modifications due to presence of large amount of hydroxyl group on the surface. The preparation of these nanoparticles includes both series of chemical as well as mechanical treatments; crushing, grinding, alkali, bleaching and acid treatments. Since large quantities of bio wastes are produced annually, further utilization of cellulose, starch  and chitins as functionalized materials is very much desired. The cellulose, starch  and chitin nano particles are currently obtained as aqueous suspensions which are used as reinforcing additives for high performance environment-friendly biodegradable polymer materials. These nanocomposites are being used as  biomedical composites for drug/gene delivery, nano scaffolds in tissue engineering and cosmetic orthodontics. The reinforcing effect of these nanoparticles results from the formation of a percolating network based on hydrogen bonding forces. The incorporation of these nano particles in several bio-based polymers have been discussed. The role of nano particle dispersion, distribution, interfacial adhesion and orientation on the properties of the ecofriendly bio nanocomposites have been carefully evaluated.

Our previous study has been shown that treatment of coated conductors (CC) under high pressure - high temperature conditions can lead to further increase of critical current density especially in low magnetic fields [1]. Treatment under 100 bar of oxygen for 3 h of GdBCO_CC via Ag layer (which covered superconducting layer of CC) at 600 °C led to an increase in Jc (77 K, 0 T) from 2.57 to 2.67 MA/cm². The charge carrier density n_H(100 K) increased from 6.55´10²¹ to 6.91´10²¹ cm^-3, and  J_c(5 K, 0 T) =28.94 MA/cm² was observed after the treatment. The increase in J_c (77 K, 0 T) from 2.10 to 2.28 MA/cm² for GdBCO_CC which was oxygenated without Ag layer (etched by acid before oxygenation) was observed after treatment at 300 °C under 100 bar of O₂ for 3 h. In the both cases c-parameter of Gd123 decreased from 1.1735(1) to 1.1731(0) nm. The increase of critical current density is connected with overdoping by oxygen and thus by charge carriers of the superconducting GdBCO layer. Oxygenation under 160 bar pressure at 800 ^oC for 3h of tetragonal YBa₂Cu₃O_x film deposited on single crystalline strontium titanate substrate allowed to obtain critical current density J_c (77 K, 0 T) = 4.09 MA/cm² and J_c(5 K, 0 T) = 38.2 MA/cm². The value of Jc (77 K, 0 T) turned out to be twice as high as when saturated with oxygen under a pressure of 1 bar. As a result of oxygenation, c-parameter of YBa₂Cu₃O_x decreased from 1.1711(2) down to 1.1681(3) nm.  This work was supported in part by the funds from MICIU/AEI/FEDER for SUPERENERTECH (PID2021–127297OB-C21), FUNFUTURE “Severo Ochoa” (CEX2019–000917-S); MUGSUP (UCRAN20088) project from CSIC scientific cooperation with Ukraine; Catalan Government 2021 SGR 00440; and NAS of Ukraine Project III-7-24 (0788).

The declining global costs of wind and solar energy, along with the reduced expenses of end-use technologies like electric vehicles, highlight significant advancements in transitioning from fossil fuels to clean energy sources. New and advanced materials will be essential in overcoming critical challenges and facilitating a successful clean energy transition. The discovery of new materials is crucial for improving performance, reducing dependence on costly minerals, enabling green hydrogen and ammonia production, converting CO₂ into fuels and value-added products, and developing efficient energy storage systems. To advance the progress of clean energy, various promising new materials-based devices and systems have been systematically investigated in the past few years. In this context, atomically precise noble metal nanoclusters (NMNCs) are highly desirable to unravel the size and structure-activity relationships in catalysis, their synthesis in a controlled way at the atomic level is challenging [1,2]. Also in this talk, we will discuss various potential electrode materials for hydrogen and oxygen production through water feedstock, CO₂ conversion process, and other clean energy production and storage applications [3]. Thermally stable electrolyte for energy storage applications will be discussed. Finally, an overview of the challenges, emerging frontiers, and opportunities in materials for clean energy conversion and storage systems will be presented.

The use of metals as activators for sintering cubic boron nitride has certain advantages because it lowers the activation barriers between the components or makes the process partially liquid-phase, thereby creating a porous material [1]. Also, very importantly, chemical interaction occurs that promotes the consolidation of cBN grains both with each other and with reaction products. Among the classical metals used to create cBN polycrystals, Al and Co, Ni & Al combinations in amounts of 1-5 % by weight should be noted [2]. The addition of refractory Co also contributes to the crack resistance of cBN ceramics.

In this work, which was carried out under Contract No. 5.9/25-П(2) with the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, we made the first attempt to use heat-resistant Hf as an additive to cBN ceramics of the BL- group in order to observe the behavior of refractory metals for this type of tool ceramics. As a base system, we used a cBN-HfC composition that corresponds to the composition of the BL- group, in which we have already produced high-quality cutting inserts with a diameter of 9.52 mm. The starting mixture for sintering was a homogeneous charge of cBN-HfC-Hf composition (60:37:3 % by volume) with an average grain size in the range of 1-3 μm. The HPHT sintering of the charge, which was previously subjected to vacuum degassing, was carried out in a toroidal high-pressure apparatus at a temperature of 2250-2300 °C and a pressure of 8 GPa, the sintering time was 60 seconds. As a result of high pressure and temperature, superhard ceramics of the BL group were formed with a homogeneous microstructure, which included cBN grains, HfC in a practically unchanged morphological form, and newly formed fine-grained HfB₂ in amounts up to 8 % by volume, which is evenly distributed in the cBN-HfC matrix (three-phase ceramics). No residues of metallic hafnium could be detected by XRD. The hafnium boride with lattice parameters a = 0.3130 nm, c = 0.3458 nm has a dual origin due to the interaction of cBN with hafnium carbide and direct contact interaction with the metal itself. Since the formation of HfCN was not observed, we assume the displacement of N₂ from the reaction zone as a consequence of chemical transformations to balance the system. Given the fact that the T_mp. of hafnium is 2233 ^oC at atmospheric pressure, and high pressure only increases it, chemical reactions occur in the system at temperatures close to melting or by solid-phase transformations. The newly created ceramics are highly modular and superhard (HV = 33 GPa), which can be used to make cutting inserts with a diameter of 6.35 to 12.7 mm with a sharp cutting edge, suitable for metalworking hardened steels. Using the developed methodology with metal-containing components, the authors plan to use refractory high-entropy alloys as an effective additive for the sintering of cBN ceramics of the BL group for tooling purposes.

Internal erosion refers to the long-term and progressive process wherein seepage flow carries fine particles through the interstices between coarse particles, leaving empty voids within soil structure. This talk will introduce an experimental investigation into the progressive internal erosion behavior of two kinds of gap-graded granular soil, namely,  glass beads or Leighton Buzzard sand, during triaxial shearing using X-ray micro computed tomography (μCT). The experimental results reveal a wide range of particle- and pore-scale processes, behaviors and mechanisms that are responsible for the progressive internal erosion of the granular soils. The combination of experimental measurements and mCT image analysis reveal the evident impact of particle shape on internal erosion at both sample and pore scales. In contrast to spherical GB particles, the sample formed by irregular LBS particles exhibits higher shear strength, lower rate of fines erosion and different formation mechanisms of seepage channel. The above effects are found to be more attributed to the fine fraction rather than the coarse fraction of the gap-graded granular samples.

The AlN-based dielectric composite materials with high resistivity values ​​are promising for use in electronics. However, ensuring a sufficient level of their mechanical characteristics is no less important condition for the practical use of products from these composites. For composites of the AlN-C-ZrB2 and AlN-C-TiN systems with resistivity >10⁹ Ohm, which were manufactured under hot pressing conditions at a temperature of 1900 °C and a pressure of 12 MPa, mechanical characteristics, in particular hardness and fracture toughness, were studied. 

Using a FALCON 500 microhardness tester with an optical camera, the Vickers microhardness was determined at a load of 98 N, and the fracture toughness of composite materials was also calculated taking into account the sizes of cracks emanating from the corners of the pyramid imprint. 

The obtained results of the measurements of the mechanical characteristics indicate a slight decrease in the hardness of the AlN-C-ZrB₂ and AlN-C-TiN composites in contrast to the aluminum nitride composite without additional components. The hardness value of AlN-C-ZrB₂ ceramics is 7.99±0.14 GPa, and AlN-C-TiN ceramics is 8.77±0.48 GPa, while for AlN ceramics the HV value is at the level of 11.34 ± 0.7 GPa. It is noted that for the material with a higher hardness value, the level of fracture toughness is also higher and is 5.01±0.34 MPa•m^1/2, while K_1C for the other composite, like the hardness value, is expectedly lower - 4.68±0.3 MPa•m^1/2. The adding components to aluminum nitride to improve electrodynamic characteristics results in a slight decrease in mechanical characteristics, but their level is high enough to withstand loads during material processing or when operating in vibration conditions.

“Recyclable-by-design” is an eco-design strategy aimed at promoting closed-loop material recovery at the end of a product’s life cycle ¹. This approach represents a state-of-the-art technological solution to the challenges of sustainable polymer recycling and addresses the socio-economic impact of plastic pollution. In this study, we adopted a recyclable-by-design strategy to re-engineer polyurethane polymers and facilitate their end-of-life recyclability.

The covalent adaptable networks (CANs) are polymers with dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs), extensively used as structural materials in composite, coating, adhesive, and sealant applications ². DCBs in these networks offer intrinsic reversibility while maintaining the robustness of covalent bonds, allowing the formation of mechanically stable polymers that respond to external stimuli ³.

In this study, we first synthesized a novel diol monomer incorporating an acylhydrazone linkage, which was then used to produce a thermoset polyurethane in combination with a trimer isocyanate. The resulting polymer demonstrated the ability to depolymerize under mildly acidic conditions at room temperature, indicating reversible behavior. The polyurethane films exhibited a range of desirable properties, including strong mechanical integrity (maximum tensile strength of 28.07 MPa), excellent solvent resistance, and thermal stability—qualities that make them well-suited for high-performance applications. Notably, the dynamic polyurethane showed controlled degradation in the presence of acetone and acetic acid, with recyclability demonstrated across three cycles. The recycled self-standing films retained mechanical performance comparable to a non-dynamic control polymer, although a gradual decline in tensile strength was observed over repeated cycles.

In addition, the polyurethane films exhibited self-healing properties, repairing surface cuts under mild conditions. Coating adhesion and pencil hardness tests also yielded promising results, highlighting the potential of this material for use in protective and functional coatings.

Lattice metamaterials are a class of engineered materials with repeating 3D structures (lattices) at the macroscale, microscale or nanoscale, designed to achieve mechanical, thermal, acoustic, or electromagnetic properties not found in naturally occurring materials. Their behaviour is governed more by structure (geometry) than composition. The lattice structures enable us to produce tailorable multifunctional properties, including mechanical, thermal, acoustic, vibration, and electromagnetic properties.  There are several key mechanical properties, which are the focus of this study of lattice metamaterials - high strength-to-weight ratio, programmable stiffness and compliance, negative Poisson's ratio, high energy absorption, etc. Some lattices even combine mechanical load-bearing ability with functionalities like heat management, sensing, or actuation. The ability to blend a range of properties makes these materials ideal for various applications, such as aerospace, transport, automotive, marine, biomedical and sports.

In this work, the main aim is to design and fabricate different metallic lattice materials at the macroscale using the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF process), with the objective of obtaining different types of mechanical properties, considering both strut and surface-based lattices. 

First, the design of conformal lattice structures to encompass complex, three-dimensional geometry was addressed through a comprehensive review and subsequent development of a systematic design process that establishes a step-by-step procedure incorporating lattice geometry and topology generation, as well as compatibility with lattice types and structural boundary integration [1] . 

Next, the focus was on strut-based cellular metamaterial architectures [2], acquiring low-density and high-strength metallic metamaterials. These titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) lattices were designed imitating Wolff’s law of bone remodelling that led to lattice configurations with an exceptional strength-to-density ratio, compared to conventional cellular metamaterials. This was followed by hollow-strut titanium lattice materials, whereby it was found that hollow-strut Ti-6Al-4V lattice materials exhibit consistently higher strength and stiffness (by as much as 60%) compared to solid-strut counterparts of the same relative density [3].

In summary, it was shown that a conformal lattice design founded on either strut-based (cellular) or surface-based (TPMS) lattices, along with the complex geometry mapping capability, can generate highly tailored mechanical properties for a variety of engineering applications, thus revolutionising next-generation optimised designs with exceptional operational performance and structural integrity.

The "green industrialization" of surface treatments involves the search for new technologies and processes as alternative tribological coatings produce by electrodeposited. Technologies like Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings aimed at reducing friction many developments were done to improve the mechanical properties but with some limitations. The hybrid technologies we are developing provide new opportunities for enhancing the protection and durability of heavily stressed mechanisms that require multifunctional properties, all while maintaining energy efficiency.The hybrid process studied consists of the association of PVD and PeCVD coating process to improve tribological and corrosion resistance properties by integrating hard layers for abrasion resistance and low friction layers.

The hybrid process we are investigating combines Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) and Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PeCVD) coating techniques. This approach improves tribological and corrosion resistance properties by integrating hard layers with self-lubricating particles, ensuring enhanced performance and longevity

Hybrid technologies we are developing offers new perspectives for protection and durability for heavily stressed mechanisms requiring multifunctional properties, while being energy efficient.

3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) has emerged as a disruptive additive‑manufacturing technology that redefines on‑site concrete fabrication. By depositing material layer by layer directly from digital models, 3DCP eliminates conventional formwork, reduces labor requirements and material waste, and enables unprecedented geometric freedom [1]. Large‑scale demonstrations have validated the production of complex free‑form structures without auxiliary supports, highlighting the potential for novel architectural expressions [2].

Despite these advances, interlayer bonding remains a critical technical challenge. The time lapse between successive depositions creates so‑called “cold joints,” which can compromise interface strength if the underlying layer gains excessive stiffness. Empirical studies demonstrate that deposition interval, surface moisture and mix rheology are decisive factors governing interlayer adhesion [3]. To address this, researchers have optimized mixture designs—balancing extrudability and early‑age buildability via tailored admixtures and fibre reinforcement—and developed thixotropic‑based models to prescribe deposition rates that ensure each layer can reliably support the next [4][5].

Integrating conventional reinforcement into 3D‑printed elements poses another hurdle. While embedding steel bars remains cumbersome, alternative strategies—such as interlocking layer geometries or in‑situ mineralization at interfaces—have shown promising improvements in shear strength and cold‑joint “healing” [6]. Meanwhile, the absence of dedicated standards for layered, extrusion‑printed concrete creates regulatory uncertainty regarding anisotropic mechanical properties, long‑term durability and appropriate testing protocols. Nonetheless, pilot projects—from pedestrian bridges to residential buildings—are proceeding under experimental approvals, paving the regulatory path forward [7].

Sustainability considerations further motivate 3DCP development. By deploying material only where structurally and architecturally necessary—and eliminating formwork—waste reductions of up to 60 % and labor‑cost savings approaching 50 % have been reported. Moreover, compatibility with low‑clinker cements and geopolymers suggests possible lifecycle‑carbon reductions of 70–90 %, provided such mixes maintain printability and adequate performance [1][8].

Gas carburizing of solid steel is carried out by using a large amount of hydrocarbon in order to keep the furnace atmosphere as long as constant, because carbon from hydrocarbon is consumed for carburization of the steel surface and hydrogen remains in the furnace. In the present study, selective removal methods of H₂ were surveyed and fundamental experiment was done by using Proton Conductor SrZr_1-xY_xO_3-a , which was prepared by spark plasma sintering method; hydrogen gas was separated from wet simulated coke oven gas atmosphere at high temperature successfully.

Therefore, injection of hydrogen through the tuyers of the blast furnace is expected to reduce coke rate; this is a kind of bridge technology for conventional blast furnace system to hydrogen reduction furnace system.

 At the same time, reported method to selectively remove H₂ was also applied to bench scale furnace for gas carburizing of solid steel by using gas filter module made of poli-imido fiber tube. The control of the furnace atmosphere was very important to keep it constant, which was also studied numerically as well as experimentally. Finally, selective removal of H₂ from the furnace was verified experimentally and the flow rate of so-called “carrier gas” (hydrocarbons) could be reduced more than 75 % under the condition of the same quality of steel surface by the carburization treatment. As a result, exhaust gas volume could also be reduced and the burnt exhaust gas, namely, CO₂ emission was minimized.

The exhaustion of natural resources (quantity and quality) and CO₂ emission controls are becoming increasingly important in steel industry.  A lot of steel engineers studied various means to decrease reducing agent at blast furnace for reduction of CO₂ emissions.  For example, injection of waste plastics and carbon neutral materials such as biomass into blast furnace is better alternative. Especially, biomass has novel advantage, namely, no CO₂ emissions, because of carbon neutral.  Production of carbon composite iron ore agglomerates having good reducibility and strength is becoming one of the most important subjects. 

   Carbon composite iron oxide pellets using semi-char or semi-charcoal were proposed in order to enhance the reduction rate of iron oxide at lower temperatures.  The carbonization was done under a rising temperature condition until arriving at a maximum carbonization temperature Tc,max to release some part of the volatile matter included (V.M.).  Starting point of reduction of carbon composite pellet using semi-charcoal produced at Tc,max = 823 K under the rising reduction- temperature condition was observed at the reduction temperature T_R = 833 K, only a little higher than Tc,max (823 K), which was the aimed phenomena.  As Tc,max increases, the emitted carbonization gas volume increases, while the residual V.M. decreases, and, as a whole, the total heat value of the carbonization gas emitted tends to increase monotonically.

Nanocrystalline soft magnetic materials are widely used in the manufacture of magnetic systems of transformers, electric reactors, chokes, and other devices . High magnetic permeability and low magnetic losses are provided by the nanosized crystal structure of the materials [1]. In the material of the Finemet type with the chemical composition of Fe_73.5Cu₁Nb₃Si_13.5B₉, the average size of Fe-Si crystallites is of the order of 10 nm [2]. Such a structure is formed in the course of amorphous precursor crystallization, which is produced using the technology of rapid quenching from the melt. In this alloy, Nb is used for inhibition of grain growth. Other elements can also find their application as inhibitors  and they can be arranged in the order of increasing the efficiency of grain refinement: Cr, V, W = Mo, Nb = Ta, Zr. 

The Fe_73.5Cu₁M₃Si_13.5B₉alloys where M = Nb, W, Mo, V, Cr were melt in a vacuum induction furnace. A 25 μm thick and 10 mm wide ribbon with the amorphous structure was produced by the planar flow casting process. The ribbon was wound up onto ring-type cores with the 32 mm outer diameter and 20 mm inner diameter. The cores were subjected to annealing at the temperature T_a = 823 К. The thermomagnetic analysis was performed with the simultaneous recording of the temperature inside the core by a thermocouple and the inductance of the winding wound over the core. The initial permeability μ was calculated based on the inductance measurements at 1 kHz. The structural state of specimens was studied using transmission electron microscopy on a JEM 200CX microscope. The data for calculating the average size of grains and histograms of the size distribution was received based on the results of processing of the dark-fields images of 300 grains. X ray analysis was performed on a diffractometer D8 DISCOVER in copper radiation (Cu K_α1,2) with the Bragg-Brentano focusing device and graphite monochromator at the diffracted beam. The processing of data was carried out with the use of analytical FullProf program TOPAS 3. When estimating the average size of crystallites, the correction coefficient К = 0.89 was employed in the Sherrer equation. The volume fraction of amorphous phase was estimated based on two diffusion maxima. The error of determination of the lattice parameter a for Fe₃Si made up 0.0005 nm.

The paper presents the result of investigation of physical origin of different efficiency of impact that inhibitors exert on the structure and magnetic properties of nanocrystaline alloys Fe_73.5Cu₁M₃Si_13.5B₉ where M = Nb, W, Mo, V, Cr. It is shown that the efficiency is directly related to the solubility of inhibitory elements in αFe, which in turn affects the diffusivity of atoms. Upon slow migration of grain boundaries, the inhibitory atoms with a lower diffusivity, being concentrated near the front of moving boundary, provide a stronger drag [3]. The weakening of the effect manifests itself in the lowering of the onset temperature of crystallization, as well as in the increase in the rate of elevating temperature and in the peak temperature of the core heating. This in turn results in the increase in the grain size and volume fraction of stable crystalline phases.

Iron ore sintering is a critical agglomeration process in iron and steelmaking, enhancing the physical and chemical characteristics of raw materials to optimize blast furnace performance. The granulation stage, wherein fine iron ore particles are combined with fluxes, fuels, and binders, is pivotal in determining the quality of the final sinter. Conventional granulation methods typically employ ambient-temperature water, often resulting in suboptimal granule formation, uneven moisture distribution, and reduced permeability in the sinter bed. This study investigates the application of hot water, at temperatures ranging from 60°C to 95°C, during the granulation process to improve raw mix properties and sintering performance. The controlled addition of hot water raised the temperature of the green mix by at least 10°C, achieving final mix temperatures between 35°C and 45°C and a target moisture content of 7.5% to 8%. The modified process led to more uniform water dispersion and improved granule formation, as reflected by an increase in the balling index from 1.22% to 1.53%. The granulated mix was subsequently sintered under controlled suction conditions, resulting in enhanced sinter yield and higher production rates. Overall, the use of hot water in the granulation stage significantly improves process efficiency, granule quality, and the performance of the sintering operation.

Control of the blast furnace hearth lining is an important aspect in ensuring efficient and safe operation of blast furnace production [1, 2]. The furnace lining plays a key role in protecting the blast furnace from high temperatures and chemically aggressive slag melt. Early detection of areas of increased wear allows you to plan preventive maintenance, minimizing downtime and loss of productivity. The article describes the developed three-dimensional unsteady furnace hearth model based on thermocouple data. The model makes it possible to estimate the shape of the furnace hearth and the temperature distribution in the furnace brickwork in three-dimensional and two-dimensional (graphical) form. To assess the condition of the furnace lining, the readings of thermocouples installed in the furnace lining of the blast furnace in the area of the three lower belts of refrigerators were used. The specified mathematical model can be used to control the blast furnace process at any time after capital repair of the first category.

In [1, 2] based on modern concepts the results of many years of research on the development and implementation of a heat control system for refractory lining of a blast furnace hearth are presented. A system for monitoring the condition of the refractory lining of a blast furnace hearth is proposed, designed to prevent emergency situations. The duration of the blast furnace campaign, that is, the time from one major repair to another, ranges from 5 to 20 years. One of the reasons that can significantly shorten the campaign period is the breakthrough of liquid cast iron through the lining of the lower part of the blast furnace (hearth). The analysis of existing methods for monitoring the condition of the refractory lining of a blast furnace hearth and extending the duration of its campaign in the world is presented. A mathematical description, algorithm, and computer program for calculating two-dimensional temperature fields in any vertical and horizontal section of the blast furnace hearth lining have been developed. The calculation is carried out by solving the equations of thermal conductivity using the readings of a large number of temperature sensors (up to 700) mounted in the lining of the furnace between the refractory blocks. The calculation algorithm has been improved in terms of taking into account the complex profile of the lower part of the blast furnace using the counting theorem. A system for collecting, processing and transmitting information from temperature sensors to the program database is used. Continuous monitoring of temperature changes at each point allows you to determine the remaining thickness of the refractory lining or the appearance of a scull and warn the furnace staff about the beginning of the lining heat. The developed program interface allows the furnace master to use many additional monitoring functions, in particular, the history of sensor readings, remaining wall thickness, etc. The monitoring systems for the refractory lining of the blast furnace hearth are installed at five blast furnaces of metallurgical plants in China and six blast furnaces in Russia.

The present study introduces an industrial-scale innovation for intensifying the iron ore sintering process through coal gas injection via a waste gas recirculation system. Coal gas, a byproduct generated during the coking process in coke ovens, is rich in combustible components such as hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide. Coal gas, injected into the upper layer of the sinter bed through a specially designed pipeline and nozzle arrangement within the recirculation hood, promotes a more uniform combustion front, enhances high-temperature retention, and improves heat transfer across the sintering bed. 

The process has been successfully implemented at the plant level and has shown clear operational benefits. Key improvements include a 5–10% increase in the yield of coarse sinter (+10 mm), a 1–2% reduction in fine particles (−5 mm), and a 1–2% gain in sinter mechanical strength. The mean sinter particle size also increased by several millimeters, contributing to better handling and blast furnace performance. Furthermore, solid fuel (coke) consumption was reduced by 3–5% per ton of sinter produced, demonstrating significant potential for energy savings. 

By partially substituting coke with cleaner-burning coal gas, the process also contributes to lower carbon emissions and reduced environmental impact. These improvements underscore the dual benefits of this technique: enhancing product quality and operational efficiency while supporting sustainability goals. Overall, coal gas injection through the waste gas recirculation system offers a robust, scalable, and cost-effective upgrade for integrated steel plant sintering operations.

According to the International Energy Agency (IEA)[1]  , the steel sector, among heavy industries, ranks first in CO2 emissions and second in energy consumption. Brazil is the largest steel producer in Latin America and the ninth largest in the world, according to the Instituto Aço Brasil[2] . This work aims to analyze existing standards and definitions for greener steel in Brazil and Europe in order to contribute to achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement [3].The steel industry faces major challenges to become more sustainable. Steel production is very carbon-intensive. This contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions.The industry is under pressure to reduce its carbon footprint. It needs to adopt more sustainable practices. A recent report emphasizes the importance of a low-carbon economy. [Green steel seeks to reduce carbon emissions. This is done by using renewable energy and sustainable materials. Green steel is a cleaner option than traditional steel. It is made with technologies that reduce gas emissions. Our goal is to make steel without much impact on the environment.4]

The pyrometallurgical production of nonferrous metals such as copper and nickel heavily depends on magnesia-chrome refractory linings. Over the course of their service life, these refractories become infiltrated by molten phases containing not only copper or nickel but also associated metals such as cobalt, lead, tin, and zinc. Depending on the process step from which the refractory material originates, they can also be infiltrated by oxide melts (typically named slag) or sulphide melts (matte). Currently, most spent refractories are disposed of in landfills. However, in the context of resource efficiency and sustainability, there is increasing interest in exploring these waste materials as potential secondary resources. This study investigates spent magnesia-chrome refractories focusing on the recovery potential of the infiltrated metals as well as the refractory material itself. Through detailed characterization and laboratory-scale experiments, the research outlines potential separation and recovery strategies, highlighting both opportunities and challenges associated with their practical implementation. 

In the aspect of growing production rates in most metallurgical industries in the recent past, the accumulation of the associated by-products like sludges, slags and dust also followed this trend  [1]. One such residue is the dust generated by stainless steel production, which contains both Cr and Ni in significant amounts [2]. If not recovered, this would conclude with a double loss for producers, as they lose these metals in residues, for which in most western countries landfilling costs arise. Furthermore, this also constitutes an enormous burden for the environment and eventually humanity itself, which suffer under the consequences of potentially hazardous compounds, like hexavalent Cr, accompanied in the respective residues [3]. Most of the today's applied processes to recover these metals are of pyrometallurgical nature, which aside from being energy intensive and carbon based, are only capable of producing a mixed Fe-Ni-Cr alloy and are few and far between [4]. For those reasons, the authors have studied potential hydrometallurgical treatment for such Cr-Ni-rich dusts as for their recovery. In the first steps, the dust was characterized thoroughly, leached with hydrochloric acid, and investigated for the optimal leaching parameters. The aim of the follow-up recovery was the separation into a Cr-rich and Ni-rich fraction, by the means of neutralization precipitation with NaOH. These experiments were both conducted with synthetic solutions. The experiments conducted have shown that a selective recovery of Cr and Ni is plausible under specific conditions to gain these metal specific rich fractions. These products were characterized by SEM-EDX among others to determine the potential usage for ferro-alloys or other industries.

Present study determines conditions for titanium magnetite concentrate processing with fairly complete titanium conversion to the slag and iron and vanadium separation in the hot metal. It is quite difficult to process titanium magnetite concentrate in the blast furnaces due to low fusibility of charge and direct electrical melting causes process instability. Present work is devoted to development of concentrate double stage smelting process with little soda additions, including solid-phase recovery at the first stage using specific coke as a reductant, avoiding concentrate oxidation and including its preliminary thermooxidation.

Mix charge made of concentrate, soda and specific coke was granulated in water, dried at 130°C, pellets were placed in graphite crucible, and later on it was set up in the centre of the furnace in alundum crucible. Temperature regimen was fixed under following parameters: temperature at the first stage is 1250^оС; soaking time is 50 min; temperature at the second stage is 1500 - 1650^оС; soaking time is 35 min. It is established that little soda additive (estimated 3-4% Na₂O) to the charge of titanium magnetite concentrate recovery smelting performs as coagulant during briquetting, as catalyst in course of solid-phase recovery, as inhibitor of DRI briquettes secondary oxidation as slag thinner during smelting. In course of titanium magnetite concentrate reduction smelting process soda interacts to SiO₂, Al₂O₃, TiO₂ oxides forming sodium silicates and titanates.

Double-stage technology of titanium magnetite concentrate reduction smelting both with soda addition and without oxidation and preliminary iron oxidation of titanium magnetite concentrates till hematite was developed. Optimal process parameters were determined. Following parameters were obtained: hot metal yield was ~55% out of concentrate weight, slag yield – 23,3-25,8%, carbon-free slag content, wt. %: Fe=1,0-1,6; TiO₂=62,7-61,9. TiO₂ yield in the slag is 89,6-94,1%. Hot metal contains, %: 5,51 С; 0,36 Ti; 0,35 Mn; 0,04 Si; 0,23 V.  Vanadium yield in iron was 53,0%.

In sorption processes, one of the characteristics of the interaction between a carbon sorbent and an extracted compound is the distribution of the latter on the sorbent surface. The aim of this work was to study the distribution of noble and rare metal ions on the surface of carbon sorbents using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive (EDS) and wavelength dispersive (WDS) spectroscopy. Activated carbon products obtained from special coke fines (CBCS) and rice husk (RH_p-850VA) were selected as objects of study. 

CBCS was produced according to the method written elsewhere [1]. Fines of special coke (+2-5 mm) were elutriated in water with slow stirring for 15 min. The wet carbon-containing material was activated with water vapor at 850 °C for 30 min. The furnace heating was turned off at the end of the activation process while water vapor was continued to be supplied to the reactor for another 30-40 min to cool the activated product to 500 °C. Then the vapor supply was stopped and the prepared material was kept in the reactor until cooling to a temperature of 60 °C. 

To produce RH_p-850VA, rice husk was washed with water, dried, pyrolyzed at 450 °С for 30 min, activated with water vapor at 850 °С for 30 min, and boiled with 70 g dm^-3 sodium hydroxide solution at a Solid (g) : Liquid (cm³) (S:L) ratio of 1:10 for 90 min. Then it was washed with distilled water until the wash water was neutral and dried at 150 °С for 1 h. 

Realistic production solutions obtained in gold-bearing ore (2.5 mg dm^-3 of Au ions) and lead production cakes (640 mg dm^-3 of Re ions) processing were used. Gold and rhenium adsorption to load sorbents was carried out under dynamic conditions. Gold- and rhenium-containing solutions were passed through 20 cm³ columns filled with CBCS and RH_p-850VA, respectively. The experiments were continued until the concentrations of metal ions in the filtrates became equal to their concentrations in the initial solutions.

The sorbents before and after the sorption processes were tested using SEM and EDS, WDS mappingby elements. It was determined that both sorbents differ each other by their structures. Although the main element of the studied materials was carbon, carbon particles had different shapes and structures. CBCS was a porous material with a developed porous structure. The pores are predominantly round and/or oval in shape and up to 20 microns in size. As shown in [1], nano-sized pores were not detected. The RH_p-850VA sample had a microfibrous structure. The pore space was formed by pores located between carbon fibers.

A correspondence in the distribution of such elements as carbon, oxygen, sulfur and gold was recorded by element EDS and WDS mapping of the CBCS sample after contact with a gold-containing solution. A similar distribution patterns of carbon and oxygen can be explained by the presence of C_xO_y complexes formed on the sorbent surface during its activation [2]. The identical nature of the distribution of sulfur and gold may indicate the sorption of gold in the form of [Au(S)₂]⁻ complexes. The latter were most likely formed during the leaching of gold from ore, since the sulfur concentration in the special coke fines-based sorbent is insignificant [1], and it cannot affect the sorption process [2].

According to results of EDS and WDS mapping by elements of the RHp-850VA sample after contact with production rhenium-containing solution, rhenium ions were on the carbon fiber surface. Element EDS mapping showed a great compliance between distribution patterns of oxygen and rhenium and iodine and rhenium. The distribution of other elements (chlorine, sulfur) was not associated with the carbon surface. They were present on carbon surface and filled the pore space as well. But element WDS mapping, as more sensitive method, confirmed an absolute accordance between distribution patterns of oxygen and rhenium. This fact suggests that rhenium is distributed on the carbon fiber surface in combination with oxygen obviously in the form of ReO₄^-1 although Re₂I₈^-2 clusters can be present as well. 

The obtained results on the distribution of gold and rhenium ions on the surface of special coke fines- and rice husk-based sorbents indicate the interaction between adsorbates and functional groups active in relation to them. Ion exchange processes may occur. These findings are required to be confirmed by other research methods.

This study is funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (grant number AP 19677767).

In this present work, a task specific ionic liquid (TSIL) was encapsulated into the framework of ZIF-8 to enhance its CO₂ capture capacity and CO₂/N₂ selectivity at post-combustion conditions. 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium amino-acetate [EMIM][Gly] was selected as TSIL. TSIL@ZIF-8 composite sorbents were prepared by varying the loading of TSIL and the sorbents’ thermal stability, porous structure and crystal nature were investigated. Incorporation of TSIL into ZIF-8 has shown dramatic impact on CO₂ uptake especially at below 1.0 bar. At this low-pressure range, CO₂ uptake was higher than the pristine ZIF-8 for all TSIL loadings. TSIL@ZIF-8 composite with 30 wt.% TSIL reached a CO₂ uptake capacity of 0.55 mmol·g^-1 at 0.2 bar which was 6 times higher than the pristine ZIF-8 at the same condition. TSIL incorporated composites also exhibited much higher selectivity than the pristine ZIF-8 at all studied pressures. CO₂/N₂ ideal selectivity at 313 K for 30 wt.% [EMIM][Gly] loading was 28 and 19 at 0.1 and 0.2 bar, respectively. This composite sorbent with significantly higher CO₂ uptake and better CO₂/N₂ selectivity at low pressure region (<1.0 bar) can play an important role in post-combustion CCS processes

Vanadium is a metal of strategic significance, essential to contemporary industries because of its distinctive physical and chemical characteristics. Three dynamic optimization problems are solved to control ionic valence states, regulate irregular product morphologies, and eliminate carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in this study. The simple and innovative method for the preparation of metallic vanadium via nitrogen-doped vanadium consumable anode (VC_xN_yO_z) electrolysis was proposed and confirmed. This research compared the polarization behavior and the reduction mechanism of vanadium ions to metallic vanadium of consumable anodes (VC_xN_yO_z and VC_xO_y). Nitrogen doping stabilizes the V²⁺ ion through sp²-hybridized C-N coordination, contributing to the formation of a stable [VN₆]^3- octahedral configuration facilitated by V–N bond coordination. This study introduces the VC_xN_yO_z anode as a viable option for regulating the valence state of vanadium ions in molten salt applications, achieving a regular dendritic morphology and a 30% reduction in CO emissions compared to the VC_xO_y anode.

Tantalum (Ta) has garnered significant attention due to its exceptional physicochemical properties and mechanical performance, enabling its widespread use in electronics, energy, metallurgy, and chemical industries. It is particularly strategic for high-temperature alloys, electronic components, and chemical processing equipment. Currently, the main methods for tantalum production include thermal reduction and molten salt electrolysis. Among them, molten salt electrolysis has emerged as a promising approach for the extraction and purification of refractory metals, owing to its advantages of low energy consumption, high product purity, and minimal environmental impact [1].

Several molten salt electrolysis methods have been developed for tantalum, including the FFC process (molten salt electro-deoxidation method), SOM process (solid oxygen-permeable membrane method), and the USTB process. The USTB method, pioneered by the University of Science and Technology Beijing, integrates carbothermal reduction with molten salt electrolysis. This two-step process employs metal carbon–oxygen solid solutions as soluble anodes to enable the efficient reduction and extraction of metals in a NaCl–KCl electrolyte. In 2006, Prof. Hongmin Zhu’s team first reported the successful electrolytic production of titanium metal using TiC_xO_y solid solutions as anode materials, laying a foundation for the advancement of soluble anode electrolysis technology [2].

In this approach, conductive compounds containing the target metal serve as soluble anodes, releasing metal ions into the molten salt under controlled potentials or current densities, followed by cathodic reduction and deposition [3]. Compared to traditional oxide anodes, soluble anodes offer advantages including higher energy efficiency, lower emissions, and sustained anodic dissolution. The core requirement lies in developing anode materials with excellent electrical conductivity and controllable electrochemical dissolution behavior. Carbon–oxygen solid solutions release C and O in the form of CO or CO₂ gas during electrolysis, thus avoiding electrode passivation caused by carbon buildup—a common issue in conventional anodes—making them a topic of current research interest. Given the similar thermodynamic and electrochemical properties of tantalum and titanium, it is reasonable to anticipate that TaC_xO_y solid solutions also hold promise as anode materials for molten salt electrolysis. However, research in this area is still in its infancy, with limited studies on material design, electrochemical behavior, and process optimization.

Additionally, the electrolyte composition plays a critical role in determining current efficiency, electrode stability, and product quality. Existing molten salt systems are primarily categorized into chlorides, fluorides, and mixed fluoride–chloride salts. The nature of the ionic species significantly affects the coordination environment and electrochemical behavior of metal ions [4]. Studies have shown that introducing an appropriate amount of fluoride ions (F^-) into NaCl–KCl molten salts can form more stable coordination structures with metal ions, enhancing their solubility and electrochemical stability. This facilitates continuous cathodic reduction, thereby improving current efficiency and process controllability [5].

Building upon previous research and the urgent demand for green, efficient tantalum extraction, this study proposes two innovative strategies: (1) Development of a molten salt electrolysis system based on TaC_xO_y solid solution anodes: This aims to assess the feasibility and advantages of using TaC_xO_y as a soluble anode for tantalum extraction. (2) Fluoride ion regulation in the electrolyte: To address the low Ta ion concentration and poor reduction efficiency, we propose modulating the F^- content in the molten salt to precisely control the solubility and coordination environment of Ta ions, enhancing the anodic dissolution–cathodic deposition equilibrium and improving extraction efficiency.

Finally, TaC_xO_y solid solutions with excellent electrical conductivity and structural stability were successfully synthesized and validated as effective soluble anode materials for the efficient electrolytic extraction of metallic tantalum in a NaCl–KCl molten salt system. Experimental results revealed that in the absence of fluoride ions, tantalum ions exhibited high volatility, significant current fluctuations, and low electrolysis efficiency. Conversely, the introduction of KF significantly reduced tantalum volatilization, simplified the reduction pathway from a two-step to a one-step process, and substantially enhanced both deposition efficiency and current stability. The obtained electrolytic products consisted primarily of spherical tantalum clusters with fine particle size, uniform morphology, and high purity, further confirming the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Overall, the “soluble anode + fluoride ion regulation” strategy developed in this study presents a promising and sustainable route for the green and efficient extraction of tantalum.

​This study presents an innovative approach to enhancing power-to-gas (P2G) systems by integrating high-temperature solid oxide electrolysis (SOE) with molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) for efficient CO₂ capture in power plants. The proposed hybrid system aims to improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions, addressing critical challenges in sustainable energy production.​

High-Temperature Electrolysis and Energy Efficiency

High-temperature electrolysis, particularly through solid oxide electrolyzer cells (SOECs), offers significant advantages over low-temperature methods. Operating at elevated temperatures (700–800 °C), SOECs facilitate more efficient water splitting, resulting in lower electricity consumption per unit of hydrogen produced. This efficiency stems from the favorable thermodynamics at higher temperatures, which reduce the electrical energy required for the electrolysis process. ​

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO₂ Capture

MCFCs operate at approximately 650 °C and are capable of internal reforming, allowing them to utilize fuels like natural gas directly. A notable feature of MCFCs is their ability to capture CO₂ from flue gases. In this system, flue gas is mixed with air and introduced to the MCFC, where CO₂ is transferred from the cathode to the anode side, effectively separating it from other gases. Experimental studies have demonstrated that CO₂ separation rates exceeding 90% are achievable by adjusting the cathode inlet flow.

Integration of SOEC and MCFC in P2G Systems

The integration of SOEC and MCFC technologies within a P2G framework offers multiple benefits:​

Enhanced Energy Efficiency: The synergy between SOECs and MCFCs leads to improved overall system efficiency. The waste heat generated by the MCFC can be utilized to maintain the high operating temperatures required by the SOEC, creating a thermally integrated system that minimizes energy losses.​

Effective CO₂ Utilization: The CO₂ captured by the MCFC can be recycled and used in the methanation process to produce synthetic natural gas (SNG). This not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions but also contributes to the production of valuable fuels, aligning with carbon capture and utilization (CCU) strategies.​

Modular and Scalable Design: The proposed system's design is straightforward and compact, allowing for modular implementation. This modularity facilitates scalability, enabling the system to be adapted for various applications, from small-scale industrial settings to larger power plants.​

Thermal Management and System Optimization

Effective thermal management is crucial for the optimal performance of the integrated system. All components operate at elevated temperatures: the Sabatier reactor at 300 °C, the MCFC at 650 °C, and the SOEC at 700–800 °C. Proper integration ensures that the heat generated by the MCFC and the exothermic methanation reaction in the Sabatier reactor is effectively utilized to sustain the SOEC's operating temperature. This internal heat exchange reduces the need for external heating sources, thereby enhancing the system's overall efficiency.​

Environmental and Economic Implications

The adoption of this hybrid system has significant environmental and economic implications:​

Reduction in CO₂ Emissions: By capturing and utilizing CO₂, the system contributes to lowering greenhouse gas emissions from power plants, aiding in the mitigation of climate change.​

Cost-Effective Hydrogen Production: The improved efficiency of high-temperature electrolysis reduces the electricity required for hydrogen production by approximately 25%, leading to cost savings and making the process more economically viable.​

Production of Synthetic Fuels: The system enables the production of SNG, which can be injected into existing natural gas infrastructure, providing a renewable energy source and enhancing energy security.​

Challenges and Future Directions

While the proposed system offers numerous advantages, several challenges need to be addressed:​

Material Durability: The high operating temperatures necessitate the use of materials that can withstand thermal stress and corrosion over extended periods. Ongoing research focuses on developing and testing materials that meet these stringent requirements.​

System Integration: Achieving seamless integration of SOECs and MCFCs requires careful design and control strategies to manage the interactions between components and ensure stable operation.​

Economic Viability: While the system has the potential for cost savings, initial capital investment and maintenance costs must be considered. Economic analyses and pilot projects are essential to demonstrate the system's commercial feasibility.​

Conclusion

The integration of solid oxide electrolysis cells and molten carbonate fuel cells presents a promising pathway for enhancing P2G systems. By improving energy efficiency, enabling effective CO₂ capture, and facilitating the production of synthetic fuels, this hybrid system addresses key challenges in sustainable energy production. Further research and development efforts are necessary to overcome existing challenges and realize the full potential of this innovative approach.

Understanding radionuclide transport in freshwater systems is critical for assessing radiological risks to humans and ecosystems after a nuclear accident. While existing models often focus on oceanic scenarios, the role of rainfall in riverine environments remains understudied. This research addresses this gap by simulating radionuclide dispersion using HotSpot, CROM, and ERICA tools for a hypothetical accident near a nuclear power plant, incorporating hydrological factors such as rainfall, runoff, and sediment transport

Atmospheric dispersion simulations using HotSpot revealed a 50% increase in ground deposition under rainfall compared to dry conditions, particularly within 1 km of the release site. River transport modeling with CROM showed 20–30% higher radionuclide concentrations during rainfall due to enhanced atmospheric deposition and land-to-river runoff.

Radiation dose assessments for freshwater biota using ERICA indicated exceedances of the 10 µGy·h⁻¹ screening level under rainfall (15.42 µGy·h⁻¹), suggesting ecological risks, while dry conditions remained below thresholds (0.14 µGy·h⁻¹). Human exposure assessments revealed significantly higher doses for infants (7.03 × 10³ mSv/yr) and adults (8.71 × 10² mSv/yr) during rainfall, surpassing ICRP limits (1 mSv/yr), compared to dry scenarios (infants: 4.24 × 10² mSv/yr; adults: 47.5 mSv/yr).

These findings emphasize rainfall’s critical role in radionuclide dynamics, offering insights for improving emergency response strategies and environmental risk assessments near nuclear facilities. 

Artificial Intelligence is applied for prediction and calculations of unknown values of data or coordinates. Decision makers, academicians, researchers, advanced-level students, technology developers, and government officials will find this text useful in furthering their research exposure to pertinent topics in AI, computer science, numerical analysis or operations research and assisting in furthering their own research efforts in these fields. Proposed method, called Two-Points Smooth Interpolation (TPSI), is the method of 2D curve interpolation and extrapolation using the set of key points (knots or nodes). Nodes can be treated as characteristic points of data for modeling and analyzing. The model of data can be built by choice of probability distribution function and nodes combination. TPSI modeling via nodes combination and parameter γ as probability distribution function enables value anticipation in AI, risk analysis and decision making. Two-dimensional curve is extrapolated and interpolated via nodes combination and different functions as continuous probability distribution functions: polynomial, sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, logarithm, exponent, arc sin, arc cos, arc tan, arc cot or power function.

Faults play a significant dual role in oil and gas reservoirs. Faults cause the migration and mixing of oil from separate horizons in one field, and also cause secondary porosity in the rocks and the release of hydrocarbons from the system. Fault plays a fundamental role in the formation of oil traps indirectly. It may block and prevent the fluid in one  direction, as well as transfer and providing a permeable passage for the fluid in  another direction in oil and gas reservoirs. Different types of faults such as normal fault, reverse fault, straight fault, slip fault and thrust fault can cause the formation of oil trap. Identification the  faults  in hydrocarbon reservoirs are very important for  enhanced oil recovery and development of oil fields. Correct description and drawing of faults can facilitate development projects in the oil industry. In this paper, the role of geological faults in oil and gas reservoirs will be discussed. 

Folding is a geological process in which the rock layers of the earth's crust are bent and deformed under enormous tectonic pressures, without significant fracture occurring. This phenomenon usually occurs as a result of the movement of tectonic plates and creates structures such as mountains, valleys, and domes. Folding shows the flexibility of rocks in certain conditions and tells a part of the history of the earth's evolution. Folding causes the formation of anticlines that can form good oil reservoirs. But folds, like faults, can cause hydrocarbon migration. Understanding the geometry and pattern of folds in thrust belts is an important part of the knowledge required in the exploration of hydrocarbon reserves. In addition, understanding the geometry and pattern of folds helps to better understand the physical aspects of reservoirs and provides a basis for advancing in other fields of reservoir studies. In this paper, the role of geological folds in oil and gas reservoirs will be discussed. 

A formation is a set of layers that have a specific lithological composition and spread and extend over a relatively wide area. By examining sediments and deposits, geologists find out the sedimentary environment. The formation boundaries with the lower and upper layers is clearly defined. The top and bottom of a formation is defined, but its thickness has no definite limit. The junction of each formation with its upper and lower formations is called formation boundary. This border can be in different forms. Specific and sudden boundaries, gradual, discontinuity, between fingers, etc. make all kinds of boundaries of formations. In any case, the boundaries of the formations are clear and distinguishable from their upper and lower formations, whatever their state. When two adjacent formations cannot be separated due to their similarities, they can be named together. In this paper, determining the boundary of a geological formation in a sedimentary basin will be discussed. 

The structure of a geological formation is determined by several factors that can be divided into two main groups: internal factors and external factors. Internal factors include the composition of rocks, type of sediment, thickness and arrangement of layers, while external factors include erosion, re-deposition (repeating deposition), movement of geological plates and climate changes. These factors interact and contribute to the unique structure of each formation. Different compositions of rocks resist weathering, erosion and other geological processes differently. The type of sediment determines the physical and chemical properties of the formations and in turn affects the processes of deposition, weathering and erosion. The type of sediments forming the formation (such as sand, clay, limestone) affects its structural characteristics, such as density, shell and particle size. Erosion can lead to deformation, reduction of height and even complete removal of formations. In this paper, parameters affecting  the structure of a geological formation will be discussed.

The phenomenon of formation damage refers to any harmful process that, by affecting the reservoir formation especially the reservoir rock permeability, reduces the production capability of an oil or gas well or the injection capability of a well compared to its natural state. Therefore, formation damage is an undesirable phenomenon that, if it occurs, can cause many operational problems and economic losses. Reduction in production rate or flow rate of oil and gas from the well, reduction in the rate of water and gas injection into the formation, increase in pressure drop as a result of production and shortening of the life of the reservoir, and finally reduction of hydrocarbon reserves, which can be produced with economic efficiency, are all effects of formation damage. But it should be seen how severe these effects are and whether their effect on the performance of the reservoir and well is significant? In fact, the severity of damage to the formation depends on factors such as the type of damage and the method of completing the well, which we will discuss further in this paper.

In geology, the pressure of a formation means the fluid pressure inside the pores of a geological formation, usually known as pore pressure. This pressure in the formation can be lower or higher than the hydrostatic. Pore ​​pressure is determined based on factors such as depth, temperature and type of sediments of the formation and can affect the behavior of the formation. The pressure of the formation is caused by the weight of fluids inside the underground permeable rocks. By increasing depth, the pressure will be increased. The water accumulated inside the porous and permeable formations gets more pressure with increasing depth, just like the pressure increases with increasing water depth in the seas. As the depth increases, the vertical distance increases the fluid pressure. The formation pressure is directly related to the subsidence rate of the bed of the sedimentary basin as well as the rapid sedimentation rate of particles in it. If the bottom of the sedimentary basin has continuous subsidence due to tectonic factors and the rate of sedimentation in such a basin is fast, it causes a large thickness of sediments to form in a short period of time. In this case, increasing the weight of the upper layers to the lower layers causes an increase in the formation pressure.

Food systems worldwide are responsible for a large share of anthropogenic environmental impacts and face growing scrutiny due to their significant environmental, social, and economic impacts. As the global population continues to expand, it exerts greater pressure on existing food systems. The unsustainability of these systems, exacerbated by food waste, overconsumption and unsustainable diets, poses a major challenge to achieving long-term ecological and societal well-being. Through case studies developed in my recent research, this presentation not only describes the main aspects that make the current food systems unsustainable but also provides insights into how research is evolving to reduce the unsustainability of this system. In particular, the reduction of impact through different animal and human diets, as well as the potentiality to recycle biowaste, are discussed based on recent findings. The emerging topic of cultured meat is also addressed, highlighting the potential consequences of using this novel food. Systemic methods used to estimate the environmental impact of food systems, such as LCA, are introduced to present the related results. Mitigation scenarios based on specific analyses are presented. This presentation aims to delve into a crucial topic by providing an overview of, on one hand, the main challenges on the horizon, and on the other, the most important and emerging solutions currently being addressed within international research.

The discovery of the ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway fundamentally transformed our understanding of intracellular protein degradation. While this system remains central to proteostasis, it is now evident that the 20S core proteasome also functions autonomously, independently of ubiquitin and ATP. Given that nearly half of all cellular proteasomes exist as free 20S complexes, this mode of degradation is far from rare—yet its mechanisms and biological significance are only beginning to emerge.

In this talk, I will present our recent findings that illuminate the distinct roles of the 20S proteasome. Through systematic substrate profiling, we identified endogenous targets enriched in RNA- and DNA-binding proteins with intrinsically disordered regions, many localized to the nucleus and stress granules [1]. We also discovered a new class of modulators, which we term Catalytic Core Regulators (CCRs), that selectively tune 20S proteasomal activity [2,3]. Extending these insights beyond the cell, we characterized the circulating 20S proteasome in blood [4]. This uncapped complex displays unique post-translational modifications, enhanced caspase-like activity, and enrichment in immunoproteasome subunits—hallmarks of adaptation to extracellular conditions. Together, our studies redefine the 20S proteasome as a versatile and autonomous degradation system, essential for safeguarding proteostasis across both intracellular and extracellular environments, with broad implications for stress adaptation, immune function, and disease.

Chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2DM) arise from complex interactions among genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. While polygenic risk scores (PRS) have been widely adopted to quantify inherited risk, conventional approaches often aggregate genetic effects into a single score, limiting insight into the underlying biology of disease susceptibility. To address this, we present a platform that integrates partitioned polygenic risk scores (pPGS) —which reflect distinct physiological domains such as β-cell function, insulin processing, adipose tissue biology, and hepatic metabolism — with longitudinal lifestyle data and environmental context.

At the core of this approach is the OneHealth Knowledge Base, a structured repository of directional relationships between lifestyle factors (e.g., nutrients, foods, physical activity patterns, social behaviors) and specific health outcomes. These relationships were extracted from over 40 million scientific articles in PubMed and PMC using AI methods enhanced with manual curation. The knowledge base is being expanded to include relationships between lifestyle factors and molecular targets involved in disease development.

These relationships are operationalized through a digital healthware platform that includes: (1) assessments of individual-level behaviors and exposures; (2) linkage to community-level determinants of health using public datasets such as the American Community Survey (ACS), NHANES, and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; and (3) integration with genomic data via pPGS.

This presentation will describe the methodological framework used to develop and validate the partitioned scores, the annotation and inference pipeline behind the knowledge base, and the design of digital tools for capturing lifestyle behavior in free-living individuals. We will illustrate how the integration of pPGS with lifestyle data and curated evidence can be used to generate mechanistically-informed hypotheses, stratify risk, and guide the design of personalized interventions. Implications for research, clinical utility, and public health implementation will also be discussed.

Introduction: Since the implantation of Flexner report in 1910, it was instituted that the medication of choice considered scientific were the ones produced by the pharmaceutical industry. According to Hippocrates, the father of medicine, we need to use older ancient medical traditions prior to the knowledge we have nowadays. So, if we analyze from the point of view of Traditional Chinese Medicine, cancer comes from energy deficiency and formation of internal Fire. In research analyzing the energy of all my patients in Brazil from 2015 to 2020, before the COVID-19 pandemic, I demonstrated that 90% of all of them, were in the lowest level of energy, in the five internal massive organs of the Five Elements theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine. These organs are Liver, Heart, Spleen, Lungs and Kidney. Each organ is responsible for the production of one internal energy for our health, for our survival and our immune system among many other functions. If we analyze these patients nowadays (in 2025), we can see that 100% of the population globally are in this situation. This is caused by the modernization of telecommunication after the implementation of 4G and 5G technology, leading to a state of a GLOBAL IMMUNODEFICIENCY. Cancer nowadays is also caused by this lack of energy inside these five internal massive organs, due to the fact that our energy is responsible for control the abnormal growth of malignant cells inside the body and when this condition is disrupted, the malignant cells can growth without control leading to cancer formation. The prompt treatment replenishing the energy of these five internal massive organs using highly diluted medications according to the theory of Constitutional Homeopathy of the Five Elements Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine created by myself in 2015 , can increase again the energy of our body and can increase our immune system, leading to control the abnormal growth of malignant cells inside the body, curing the patients suffering from this disease. To show how quick we can cure this disease, I will show four cases reports of patients suffering from cancer (2 women with breast cancer and 2 men with prostate cancer). The first was a 46 years-old female patient that had a right breast cancer of about 9 cm in diameter and between the time to do the surgery, I measured the energy of her five internal massive organs and all of them were in the lowest level of energy, rated one out of eight. She began to treat this condition using acupuncture, and replenishing the energy of these organs and in one week, this tumor reduced to 3cm, without using chemotherapy or radiotherapy or surgery. The second patient was a 36 years-old female patient with a breast cancer of 5 cm and using these highly diluted medications according to the theory of Constitutional Homeopathy of the Five Elements Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine and acupuncture, she reduced this tumor to 1cm in 4 hours of ingestion of these medications. After one day, this tumor disappeared completely. The third case report was a 60 years-old male patient with prostate cancer. Before he went to robotic surgery, his PSA was 20ng/dl. After this surgery, it increased to 40 ng/dl. After begin to use these highly diluted medications to increase the energy of the five internal massive organs, to increase his immune system, the PSA reduced to 0,2 ng/dl in the first month of treatment and to 0.02ng/dl in the second month of treatment. The fourth case report is a 76 years-old male patient with prostate cancer with initial PSA of 10,3ng/dl. After two months of treatment, using highly diluted medications according to Constitutional Homeopathy of the Five Elements Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese dietary counseling and acupuncture, his PSA reduced to 5 ng/dl after two months of treatment. The conclusion of this study is to show that cancer has a cure and we need to treat the cause nowadays, that it is to increase the energy of the five internal massive organs of the Five Elements theory of traditional Chinese Medicine using highly diluted medications according to the theory of Constitutional Homeopathy of the Five Elements Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine created by myself. The use of any highly concentrated medications used in the conventional treatment can reduce even more these energies and lead to complication or death of these patients suffering from this disease. 

This paper addresses the role of lithium both in its geological origins and in its therapeutic use in psychiatry, highlighting the implications of its extraction and medical application. Under standard conditions it is the lightest solid element on the periodic table. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable and is stored in mineral oil. Lithium is widely found in the Earth's crust, but it does not occur as a specific mineral, that is, with a chemical composition and defined crystal structure, allowing its extraction in isolation in mineral deposits. In Brazil, it is always a component that forms the crystal structure of lithiniferous pegmatite minerals, such as spodumene (the only economically exploitable for lithium extraction), petalite, amblygonite, and elbaite, related to endogenous processes. In the exogenous environment, it occurs as a constituent of salt flats in Andean countries such as Argentina, Chile, and Bolivia. Its geological exploration is related to specific mining processes, with concentration by electrolysis. Lithium has many applications, from lubricating grease, alloy additions, in particular for Aluminum and Magnesium alloys, to glazes for ceramics, and finally Lithium batteries. In the field of psychiatry, lithium has established itself as an essential drug for the treatment of bipolar disorder, acting as a mood stabilizer by modulating neurotransmitters and neuronal processes. Thus, the present study seeks not only to highlight the geological processes involved in lithium extraction, but also to discuss the therapeutic contributions and clinical challenges associated with its use.

Perfect vortex beams (PVBs) represent a compelling advancement in the field of structured light due to their unique property of maintaining a constant annular intensity ring diameter across different topological charges (TCs). This distinct feature contrasts with conventional optical vortex beams, whose ring diameters vary with TC, making PVBs particularly advantageous for multiplexed beam applications. The uniform ring size facilitates efficient spatial coupling of multiple vortex beams with different TCs simultaneously, which is crucial for high-dimensional optical communication systems, parallel optical trapping, and quantum photonic networks. Despite these advantages, practical deployment of PVBs remains constrained by the bulky and often complex optical setups required to generate them. Conventional PVB generation relies on interferometric arrangements or combinations of axicons and spiral phase plates, which are not compatible with compact or integrated platforms. These limitations hinder their integration into on-chip photonic devices or CMOS-compatible systems, particularly when high-order TCs are required. To overcome these challenges, this work presents a novel approach to realizing perfect vortex beams using flat, subwavelength-structured optical components—specifically, metasurfaces [1]. We experimentally demonstrate metasurface-generated perfect vortex beams (MPVBs) with TCs as high as +16 and −32 in the visible spectrum [2]. These MPVBs exhibit annular intensity distributions that remain largely invariant with respect to their TC, confirming the generation of perfect vortex beam profiles. In addition to their compactness and integrability, these metasurfaces show broadband functionality, enabling consistent performance across a range of visible wavelengths. The metasurfaces are carefully engineered to encode both the radial and azimuthal phase profiles necessary to form the PVBs. By manipulating the local phase delay through nano-resonators with spatially varying orientations and geometries, we achieve the desired field distribution without the need for bulk optics. The result is a highly efficient and compact optical device capable of generating complex vortex beam states with topological diversity and spatial uniformity. A particularly innovative aspect of this study is the integration of the optical eraser concept with the MPVBs. The optical eraser technique involves the interference of two vortex beams with opposite or different TCs, producing flower-like interference patterns that can be used to selectively suppress or modulate specific spatial modes. In our experiments, the interference of MPVBs with carefully chosen TCs results in helicity switching, a phenomenon in which the angular momentum characteristics of the beam are inverted or neutralized. This effect leads to the uniformization of the ring-shaped intensity distributions, helping to stabilize and homogenize the output for a range of topological charges. This ability to erase or modify the intensity profiles of high-order vortex beams has far-reaching implications. It provides a powerful method for dynamically controlling structured light fields, which is of particular interest in areas such as quantum optics, where phase coherence and modal purity are essential. The helicity switching observed in the flower-like interference patterns could also offer a new pathway to study spin–orbit interactions and quantum entanglement phenomena in optical fields. Moreover, the compact, CMOS-compatible nature of these metasurface-based devices makes them highly suitable for integration into lab-on-chip systems, high-density optical interconnects, and adaptive optics platforms. Their robustness, tunability, and high-resolution phase control position MPVBs as a scalable and versatile solution for future optical technologies. In conclusion, this work not only demonstrates the generation of high-order, broadband, and spatially uniform perfect vortex beams using metasurfaces but also introduces a novel method for their dynamic modulation through interference-based helicity control. These findings pave the way for miniaturized, multifunctional vortex beam generators with applications ranging from quantum information processing to next-generation optical sensing and beam shaping.

The third-generation semiconductors, gallium nitride (GaN) and silicon carbide (SiC), have attracted extensive attention due to their exceptional material properties and potential in high-performance electronic and optoelectronic devices. Among them, GaN is especially fascinating for high-frequency applications. This advantage arises from the formation of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the AlGaN/GaN heterojunction interface, which enables high electron mobility and supports device architectures such as high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). By contrast, SiC is renowned for its superior thermal conductivity, wide bandgap, and high critical electric field, which together inspire its capability for handling high power density and ensuring robust thermal management. When these two materials are combined—namely, GaN epitaxially grown on SiC substrates—the resulting heterostructure becomes a highly attractive platform for realizing high-power and high-frequency HEMTs. Such devices are promised to play a critical role in next-generation wireless communication systems, power electronics, and radar applications.

Although the lattice constant mismatch between GaN and SiC is relatively small, the dislocation density in conventional GaN-on-SiC epitaxial structures remains on the order of 10^9 cm^−2. This high density of threading dislocations and related crystalline defects significantly degrades device performance, limiting the reliability, efficiency, and lifetime of HEMTs. Traditional approaches to mitigate defect density mainly rely on optimizing epitaxial growth parameters through methods such as buffer layer engineering, substrate miscut angle control, and multi-step growth processes. However, these approaches are both time-consuming and highly costly, demanding extensive iterative experimentation that is impractical for large-scale production. Consequently, innovative substrate engineering concepts have been explored as an alternative pathway to address these challenges.

One promising strategy is the use of patterned SiC substrates to improve GaN epitaxial quality. By introducing micro-/nano-sized structures onto the SiC surface, epitaxial strain can be more effectively distributed, and dislocation propagation can be hindered, leading to a significant reduction in defect density within the active GaN layer. Building upon this concept, our team has recently developed a new class of engineered substrates, referred to as meta-substrates. These are fabricated by creating periodic meta-structures directly on 4H-SiC substrates, designed to enhance defect annihilation, suppress dislocation propagation, and tailor strain relaxation during GaN epitaxy. Unlike conventional patterned substrates, the meta-substrate approach offers new degrees of freedom for crystal quality optimization.

In this presentation, we report on the complete HEMT device fabrication processes carried out on these SiC meta-substrates, including ohmic and Schottky contact formation, passivation strategies, and gate metallization. Also, we evaluate the radio-frequency (RF) performance of the fabricated devices, highlighting their advantages in terms of cut-off frequency and device performance when compared with conventional GaN-on-SiC HEMTs.

The results confirm that meta-substrates provide a viable pathway for advancing GaN-on-SiC technologies, enabling scalable and cost-effective solutions for high-power and high-frequency electronics. This work demonstrates how advanced substrate design can unlock new performance benchmarks in GaN-based HEMTs. We believe that the meta-substrate concept represents not only a significant advancement in semiconductor device fabrication but also a strategic opportunity to accelerate the deployment of GaN/SiC HEMTs in emerging applications such as 5G/6G communications, electric vehicles, and next-generation radar systems.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit exceptional electrical, optical, thermal, magnetic, and mechanical properties, making them promising materials for a wide range of applications. Among various configurations, the synthesis of vertically aligned CNTs is particularly valuable, however, their synthesis relies heavily on catalyst nanoparticles with well-defined size, composition and catalyst support films. Controlling these parameters remains a significant challenge, since the physical properties of CNTs such as specific chirality and diameter are typically determined by the catalyst. This talk will be about demonstrating a true bottom-up approach synthesis of vertically aligned CNTs using bimetallic oxide nanoparticles (biMO-NPs) where catalyst nanoparticles were synthesized in liquid phase without the need of expensive thin films deposition equipment.^[1] Iron based (FeAlOx) and cobalt based (CoAlOx) discrete nanoparticles with tunable geometries were synthesized in the liquid phase from aluminum, iron and cobalt oleate precursors respectively.^[2] These nanoparticles were assembled into monolayer films on silicon oxide (SiO₂) substrates using bifunctional organic linker molecules. The linker molecules, with terminal functional groups, enable controlled anchoring of the nanoparticle substrates, forming a uniform catalyst monolayer of particles with nanoscale thickness. This monolayer assembly approach ensures consistent particle distribution and avoids aggregation of nanoparticles, critical for the uniform growth of CNTs. biMO-NPs composed of FeAlOx and CoAlOx, assembled as monolayer films enabled the successful growth of long VA-CNTs, even on unmodified SiO₂ surfaces. Structural and chemical characterization confirmed the uniformity and composition of the bimetallic nanoparticles as well as the CNT characteristics. 

This study demonstrates that a bottom-up, fully wet-chemistry approach can achieve a high degree of control over the catalyst nanoparticles composition and spatial arrangement. The ability to synthesize and organize bimetallic nanoparticles into functional monolayers offers a simple, scalable, and cost-effective alternative to traditional physical vapor deposition methods for catalyst preparation. Moreover, this work highlights the potential for tuning CNT growth and moving closer to the rational synthesis of CNTs with specific physical properties, including chirality. 

Surfactant-gas flooding is one of the new methods for enhanced oil recovery. In this method, the simultaneous injection of gas and surfactant solution leads to the formation of foam. Foam reduces the mobility of injected fluids and improves the displacement efficiency of enhanced oil recovery process. Currently, surfactant is used to produce and stabilize foam. Surfactants generally lose their desirable physical properties at high temperature and salinity and are wasted due to adsorption on the rock surface in the porous medium. The most important weakness of foam formed with surfactant is its short-term stability; Nevertheless, if nanoparticles are used instead of surfactant or together with it to produce and stabilize foam, it can eliminate the limitations of using surfactant. By using nanoparticles, a stable foam which have long-term stability in reservoir conditions can be designed to use it as a control agent for the mobility of injected fluids in enhanced oil recovery.                              

The design and material selection for fuel rods in Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) play a critical role in ensuring both the neutronic efficiency and thermal safety of the reactor core. This study presents a detailed comparative analysis of the neutronic behavior and heat transfer performance of a standard fuel rod configuration using two distinct cladding materials: Zircaloy-4 and stainless steel. Simulations were conducted using the SCALE code package, employing modules suitable for neutron transport and heat generation modeling under steady-state conditions.The investigation focused on key parameters such as the effective multiplication factor (k-eff), neutron flux distribution, and axial power profile, as well as the impact of cladding material on heat conduction away from the fuel. Zircaloy-4, known for its low neutron absorption cross-section and favorable thermal conductivity, demonstrated higher neutronic reactivity and improved thermal performance compared to stainless steel. However, the use of stainless steel—often considered for its mechanical robustness and corrosion resistance—resulted in increased parasitic neutron absorption and a corresponding decrease in reactivity, requiring compensatory design adjustments.The comparative results underscore the trade-offs inherent in cladding material selection, particularly in advanced reactor systems like SMRs where compact core design and passive safety features are prioritized. The findings contribute to the optimization of fuel design by providing quantitative insights into how material choices affect reactor behavior at both the neutronic and thermal levels. This study supports ongoing efforts in the development of next-generation reactors by highlighting material-performance interdependencies that must be carefully considered during the early stages of reactor design and licensing.

Niobium is a strategic material for Brazil, a country that holds the largest global reserves of this element. However, its sintering presents significant challenges, mainly due to the high reactivity of the metal, which promotes oxide formation and hinders consolidation. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of cold sintering of niobium at different temperatures, seeking to minimize oxidative effects and enable new technological applications. The material used was supplied by CBMM (Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração), and experiments were conducted at temperatures of 125 °C, 150 °C, and 175 °C. To promote the formation of a transient liquid phase, niobium powders were mixed with 10 wt.% of absolute ethanol. Sintering was performed under a simultaneous pressure of 300 MPa, with a holding time of 30 minutes at each specified temperature. After processing, the samples were characterized through density measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The results indicated that cold sintering of niobium was effective even at the relatively low temperatures employed. XRD analysis revealed only minor peaks corresponding to the NbO phase, indicating a low incidence of oxidation during the process. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of cold sintering pure niobium, paving the way for the development of new components and applications, with advantages in reducing processing temperatures and preserving metallic properties. The use of cold sintering techniques thus represents a promising alternative for processing highly reactive metals such as niobium.

The steel industry is vital to the Brazilian economy, contributing to socio-economic development and job creation. Brazil is one of the largest steel producers in the world, but faces significant environmental challenges, such as greenhouse gas emissions and excessive consumption of natural resources. Adopting sustainable practices is essential to mitigate these impacts and ensure the sector's competitiveness. The need for sustainable practices in the steel industry is driven by the environmental impacts of steel production, which include CO2 emissions, natural resource degradation and waste generation. Inadequate solid waste management also represents a challenge. The implementation of advanced technologies and energy efficiency are key to the sustainability of the sector. The industry needs to balance economic growth with environmental protection. The aim of the article is to discuss sustainable practices that reconcile economic development and environmental protection in the steel industry, demonstrating how it is possible to reduce environmental impacts without compromising the sector's growth. The article highlights that the Brazilian steel industry has advanced in technologies that promote sustainability, but still faces challenges compared to other countries. The recommendations include adopting sustainable technologies, implementing circular economy practices, promoting transparency and social responsibility, and educating and training employees. The government should develop public policies that encourage sustainable practices, while civil society should adopt conscious consumption habits and actively participate in sustainability initiatives.

Hydroxyapatite (HA), an inorganic ceramic biomaterial, presents itself as a promising and active bone substitute in this scenario, as it presents characteristics similar to the mineral apatite, found in human bones and teeth. Thus, the aim of this work is to synthesize and characterize synthetic hydroxyapatite, using chicken eggshell residue as a source of calcium. The analysis of the egg shell was carried out using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The characterization of the hydroxyapatite powder was performed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The results for eggshell revealed the presence of absorption bands of hydroxyl groups and carbonates and phases corresponding to calcium hydroxide and calcium oxide. The HA sample showed vibration bands of hydroxyl, carbonate and phosphate groups, and hydroxyapatite and calcium oxide phases. SEM analysis indicated irregular morphological formations with dimensional variations. The EDS semiquantitatively revealed percentages of Oxygen, Phosphorus and Calcium. According to the results, type B hydroxyapatite was obtained using eggshell residue, which was also a good source of calcium in this study.

Recycling natural fibers is essential for advancing environmental sustainability, as it helps reduce waste, conserve resources, and minimize the ecological footprint of textile production. While fibers like cotton, wool, and linen are biodegradable, their disposal in landfills still contributes to pollution and the depletion of valuable materials. By recycling these fibers, we can extend their lifecycle, lessen reliance on virgin fiber production—which typically requires significant water, energy, and chemical inputs—and promote more sustainable industrial practices.

Moreover, recycling natural fibers aligns with the principles of a circular economy by encouraging responsible consumption and production, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and limiting the accumulation of textile waste. In parallel, reinforcing polymer matrices with natural fibers is emerging as a promising approach to enhance both the environmental and economic sustainability of polymer-based products, while expanding their applicability in various engineering fields.

This study explores the fabrication of composite materials reinforced with rice husk, an agricultural byproduct. A comprehensive evaluation is provided, including scanning electron microscopy and tensile testing, alongside a statistical analysis of tensile data using the Weibull distribution. Utilizing rice husk in engineered composites not only extends the utility of this organic waste but also supports sustainability efforts and offers potential socio-economic advantages at the community level. The study presents several case examples involving both polymer and inorganic matrices, utilizing both traditional and additive manufacturing techniques.

The steel industry is responsible for 5% of total energy consumption and contributes 6% of CO₂ emissions worldwide [1]. Brazil produced 31,869 million tons of steel in 2023. The industrial park has 31 plants, 15 of which are integrated, 7 of which are coking plants, meaning that they consume around 74% of all the coal imported by the country [2].

Mineral coal is the main source of energy still in use in modern society. This input is exported by several countries around the world, such as Australia and the USA, of which Japan, India and China are major importers of the main input for reducing iron ore. A reactor is used to make steel and is called a blast furnace [3].

In the steel chain, 40 to 50% of the cost of steel is in the coal to be used in the coking plant and the constant search to optimize this commodity directly reflects on the competitiveness of the business, which is why various parameters are evaluated in the composition of the coal and subsequently the properties of the coke [4-5].

The main objective of this work is to present a proposed predictive model using combinatorial mathematical analysis and probability, where particles from different coals interact within the coke oven. The model shows promise for the proposed mixtures and could be used as a tool to improve the quality of the coke produced.

Fuel cladding and encapsulation materials are fundamental to the structural integrity, thermal management, and neutronic performance of nuclear fuel assemblies. This study proposes the use of a hybrid composite material based on Zircaloy-4 reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) for the encapsulation of UO₂ fuel pellets, aiming to enhance both the thermal and mechanical properties of the fuel system while maintaining favorable neutronic characteristics. The proposed Zircaloy-4/SiC composite is evaluated and compared with conventional metallic cladding materials, such as standard Zircaloy-4 and stainless steel, as well as ceramic encapsulants like stabilized zirconia (ZrO₂).The analysis considers key parameters including thermal conductivity, neutron absorption cross-section under normal and transient operating conditions. Simulations conducted using the SCALE code system assess the impact of the composite on reactivity, heat distribution, and fuel temperature profiles. Preliminary results indicate that the inclusion of SiC enhances the high-temperature performance of the cladding, while the Zircaloy-4 matrix preserves the low neutron absorption desirable for maintaining core reactivity. When compared to zirconia, the Zircaloy-4/SiC composite offers superior thermal conductivity and reduced swelling under irradiation, albeit with slightly higher neutron absorption. Nonetheless, the composite exhibits a balanced profile that combines the structural advantages of ceramics with the neutronic compatibility of metallic alloys. These findings support the viability of metal-matrix composite encapsulation as a promising pathway for accident-tolerant fuel (ATF) designs in advanced reactor systems, including SMRs and Generation IV concepts. Further experimental validation is recommended to confirm fabrication feasibility and in-reactor behavior.

Magnetic hyperthermia-mediated cancer therapy (MHCT) faces challenges related to heat stress response (HSR), hypoxic tumor microenvironments, and insufficient reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. To address these, we explored novel approaches to improve therapeutic outcomes.

In the first study, we synthesized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with varied morphologies, including spherical, cubical, rod-shaped, and flower-shaped structures, to evaluate their heating efficiencies and therapeutic efficacy. Among them, cubical MNPs exhibited superior heating performance due to magnetosome-like chain formation and sustained drug release, leading to enhanced magneto-chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo.

To target hypoxic tumor cores, we developed self-propelling "nano-bacteriomagnets" (BacMags) by integrating anisotropic magnetic nanocubes into Escherichia coli. This innovative bacterial delivery system achieved efficient MNP transport, resulting in superior hyperthermic performance, 85% pancreatic cancer cell death in vitro, and complete tumor regression in vivo within 30 days.

Further, we investigated heat stress responses in glioma cells post-MHCT under different tumor microenvironment conditions, including 2D monolayers, 3D monoculture spheroids, and coculture spheroids. We observed HSP90 upregulation during treatment, which limited therapeutic efficacy. A combinatorial approach using the HSP90 inhibitor 17-DMAG alongside MHCT significantly enhanced glioma cell death, achieving 65% and 53% tumor inhibition at primary and secondary sites within eight days and complete tumor regression in vivo within 20 days via immune activation.

We also explored magnetothermodynamic (MTD) therapy by combining ROS generation and heat-induced immunological effects using vitamin K3-loaded copper zinc ferrite nanoparticles (Vk3@Si@CuZnIONPs) under an alternating magnetic field (AMF). This dual mechanism resulted in substantial ROS-mediated oxidative damage and immune activation, achieving a 69% tumor inhibition rate in lung adenocarcinoma within 20 days and complete tumor regression by 30 days.

Additionally, metabolic profiling of cancer-derived exosomes using LC-MS/MS and NMR revealed dysregulated metabolic pathways associated with tumor progression. Identifying common metabolites across pancreatic, lung, and glioma cells highlighted potential biomarkers for early detection and therapeutic monitoring.

These synergistic approaches—optimizing MNP designs, employing bacterial delivery systems, inhibiting HSP90, combining ROS-heat mechanisms, and utilizing exosomal metabolites—demonstrate significant advancements in MHCT, paving the way for more effective cancer therapies and improved clinical outcomes.

Land-use changes and fossil fuel combustion are two important anthropogenic factors that have contributed to the increase of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations since the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century. The influence of land management on the C content in soils and biomass is well documented worldwide [1] [2]. Land-use changes not only affect C sources and sinks, but also impact methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions. However, little information is available on aspects of C sequestration in agroecosystems located in the temperate areas of the Southern Hemisphere, and especially those on volcanic soils.

This study was undertaken to model C sequestration potentials in three predominant ecosystems: 1) Pinus ponderosa-based silvopastoral systems arranged in strips (SPS), 2) 18-year-old managed exotic plantations (PPP) and 3) natural prairie (PST), in Patagonia, Chile. The C contents of trees and pasture were determined by destructive sampling and dry combustion. Litterbags were used to measure decomposition of organic material. Soil respiration was quantified with the in situ soda-lime technique. Soil samples were taken at 0-5, 5-20, 20-40 cm depths to determine soil C.

For PPP and SPS, total tree C was 64% and 69% of the total system, respectively. Total above and belowground C pools were 224, 199 and 177 Mg C ha^-1 in SPS, PPP and PST, respectively. The aboveground: belowground C pool ratio was 1:10, 1:5 and 1:177 for SPS, PPP and PST, respectively. Total soil respiration decreased in the order PST > SPS > PPP, and leached C decreased in the order PPP > PST > SPS. Estimated system net C flux was +1.8, +2.5 and –2.3 Mg C ha^-1 y^-1 for SPS, PPP and PST, respectively [2]. Based on this study and to attain C neutrality, a land area of approximately 481 km² or 0.33% of the Chilean Patagonia territory under silvopastoral systems (SPS) with cattle would be sufficient to offset all C losses (CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O) from cattle-based livestock systems [3].