Geoscientists perform a central role in strategic phases of hydrocarbon exploration and development, acting as surface interpreters based on an integrated analysis of sedimentological, stratigraphic, structural, and geophysical data. The success of the exploratory campaigns is directly related to the geological knowledge applied during the delineation of prospective targets and the location of the initial exploration well, as well as to the planning and optimization of the delineation, influencing drilling success rates and reducing exploratory risk and cost. 

This paper explores the scientific responsibilities of geologists in hydrocarbon prospecting, emphasizing the importance of integration of biostratigraphy, basin modeling, and reservoir characterization. Likewise, technological advances such as machine learning, seismic inversion and high-resolution stratigraphy are redefining how geologists contribute to reserve estimation and field development strategies. 

Considering the global energy contexts with the current energy transition landscape, where exploration efficiency, environmental responsibility, and resource maximization are essential, geologists assume an even more strategic role in enabling data-driven, low-carbon exploration models. The presence of geologists throughout the drilling process-exploratory, appraisal, and development phases-not only ensures optimal well placement but also enables real-time decision-making critical to operational and economic success.