POSTERS

SESSION:IronPoster	ASSIS INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM (9TH INTL. SYMP. ON ADVANCED SUSTAINABLE IRON & STEEL MAKING)
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov to 1 Dec, 2023

[IronPoster1] ULTRASONIC WAVES FOR THE CONTROL OF LIMNOPERNA FORTUNEI – THE GOLDEN MUSSEL
Gislaine Soares Araujo ¹ ; Paulo Assis ² ; Afonso Pelli ³ ; Ana Cristina De Carvalho ¹ ; Braian Soares Leite Araujo ⁴ ; ¹UFOP, Mariana, Brazil; ²UFOP, Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil; ³Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil; ⁴U. Federal de Ouro Preto, Mariana, Brazil;
Paper Id: 66 [Abstract]

In order to verify the effect of ultrasonic waves to control the invasion of the golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei, three experiments were made with different numbers of individuals and for each experiment the sonicator device was using at 40kHz frequency. In addition, the tests varied in time and days of exposure of the mussels to ultrasonic waves. As a result, several numbers for mortality and decoupling of the analyzed samples were noted, with significant differences regarding the exposure time per experiment and days in which the samples were submitted. Thus, the use of ultrasound to descale and kill the golden mussels was efficient and may be an alternative to control the invasion of L. Fortunei in to hydroelectric.

[IronPoster2] THE PRODUCTION OF STEEL AND THE USE OF BIOMASS AS A RENEWABLE AND CARBON NEUTRAL ENERGY SOURCE
Ana Cristina De Carvalho ¹ ; Nathalia Balzana Anacleto ² ; Gislaine Soares Araujo ¹ ; Paulo Assis ³ ; ¹UFOP, Mariana, Brazil; ²Univ. Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil; ³UFOP, Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil;
Paper Id: 87 [Abstract]

The linear production model in force since the Industrial Revolution has contributed significantly to environmental degradation and climate change. This production model is based on the linearity of extraction, production and waste disposal. The steel industry is responsible for a significant part of greenhouse gas emissions – GHG [1] and for the deterioration of the environment. This article proposes a model aimed at mitigating the impacts caused by the steel industry. Biomass residue from agriculture has stood out as a renewable energy source and a promising alternative for the sector. Thus, sugarcane bagasse, green corn straw and soy residue appear as important tools for mitigating impacts in this sector. This article proposes to develop an analysis of three distinct productions in the steel industry, namely: the production of steel via Blast Furnace [2], fueled energetically by the biomass of sugarcane bagasse; the production of coke, fueled energetically by soybean residue [3] and the reprocessing of steel through the Electric Arc Furnace (FEA) [4] fueled energetically by the biomass of green corn straw. The research findings suggest that the use of biomass as a renewable energy source and the reprocessing of steel through the FEA contribute significantly to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere, in addition to promoting the optimization of the use of resources and the reduction of stress environmental. Collaboration between the industrial and agricultural sectors is crucial for the proliferation of the use of biomass waste, also promoting the proper disposal of waste and generating economic and environmental benefits.

[IronPoster3] TIRE INJECTION AS FUEL IN BLAST FURNACES
Gerson De Araújo Filho ¹ ; Paulo Assis ² ; ¹Minas Gerais Institute of Water Management, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; ²UFOP, Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil;
Paper Id: 280 [Abstract]

This paper shows the study of the utilization of tire as fuel to be employed into blast furnaces. This tire can substitute coal or even charcoal in the blast furnaces tuyeres. The injection into tuyeres, other than contribute for energy generation, can produce gas for metallic oxide reduction, the former charged into the blast furnace throat, thus contribution for using other forms of wastes.The tire, as powder, when to be injected into blast furnaces, contributes for an environmental employee of that waste, so as permit for obtaining a high value product. Then, one advantage of using such material is that it is waste and has lower cost for preparation.A comparative study of combustion index of pulverized tires and coals was studied. For this study are been utilized one physical model, with thermal gradient constructed at Escola de Minas-UFOP. The results obtained have showed that the tires have good combustibility, this was obtained in a model that simulate the same conditions occurring in the blast furnaces tuyeres; these results include tires and mixtures of tires with coal or even with charcoal.

[IronPoster4] COMPARISON OF TWO PRODUCTION ROUTES OF POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES (PHA) FROM SEWAGE SLUDGE
Grazielle Pessoa Do Império Borges ¹ ; ¹U. Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil;
Paper Id: 283 [Abstract]

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are polyesters produced by bacteria. Furthermore, they are fully biodegradable, representing a rapid degradation response. Bacteria can accumulate PHA from sewage sludge, as there is a significant percentage of carbon-based materials in this waste; such as cellulose, PHA, lipids and fatty acids.With the evolution of studies related to PHA, it is possible to improve its production method. In this way, the polymer will be a very good alternative for the production of bioplastic, as in addition to being a biobased product, it is also biodegradable.The sewage sludge is a product from the waste water treatment plants. The treatment of this product is required to lessen the impact of wastewater disposal. This process requires a certain amount of energy that could be saved with sustainable technologies. As an option, sewage sludge can be used as a raw material for other activities. As is the case with PHA production, sewage sludge is very useful as it contains carbon-based materials, which will serve as a medium for the production of bacteria.This project is a life cycle analysis of two PHA production paths that use sewage sludge as raw material. The first production mode uses a Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) solvent to extract the polymer from the bacteria, after which the sludge undergoes an enrichment and accumulation process. The second mode of production skips this process, making a compounder of the polymer with the biomass.To compare the two routes, an analysis was made of the resources used, such as energy, water and, in the case of the first route mentioned, the use of solvent. The amounts were applied in the Gabi software. Gabi is an abbreviation of the German word Ganzheitliche Bilanzierung, which literally translated means holistic accounting. GaBi is a software used to facilitate the creation of a lifecycle analysis plan. Using this platform, it is possible to understand the carbon footprint of a product, optimize the process and, in the case of a company, gain market shareIt is concluded that the process of direct extrusion, having as output a compounder rich in biomass. is the most sustainable option for PHA production.

[IronPoster5] EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF AN ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE FOR THE FESIMN PRODUCTION
Iago Abreu ¹ ; Paulo Assis ² ; Paulo Von Kruger ³ ; ¹GRANHA LIGAS/UFOP, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; ²UFOP, Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil; ³MVK Consultoria e Treinamento, Belo Horizonte, Brazil;
Paper Id: 349 [Abstract]

FeSiMn is a ferroalloy that contains iron, silicon and manganese as its main components. It is widely used in the steel industry as an alloying additive to improve steel properties. In the manufacturing process, the charge of ores and other materials is fed into the furnace. The furnace is heated and melted by means of heat generated by electric current in electric reduction furnaces. During the reduction reaction, manganese is reduced by the carbon and combines with the iron and silicon present in the charge, forming FeSiMn.
An electric reduction furnace is a piece of equipment that uses electricity as an energy source to heat and melt the load of ores and reducing agents. In this type of furnace, electrical energy is supplied by electrodes that are inserted into the furnace. Electric current passes through the electrodes and creates an electric arc, which generates intense heat. This heat is used to heat and melt the charge of ores and other materials.FeSiMn from Granha Ligas in Conselheiro Lafaiete, Minas Gerais, is produced in an electric submerged arc furnace. In 2022, in order to increase the productivity of Furnace 1, a renovation was carried out in September and November 2022 to resize it, redefining its design parameters, such as diameter and spacing between electrodes, furnace diameter and power density.For the present work, geometric parameters of the furnace were changed, such as spacing between electrodes and crucible area, in addition to other variables. Subsequently, the post-renovation productivity gain and parameter redefinition were analyzed, reaching an increase of almost 33% in production per ton/hour, in addition to a 3% reduction in specific energy consumption, demonstrating the importance of the kiln's geometric relationship and its productivity.

[IronPoster6] STATE OF THE ART OF DECARBONIZATION IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY
Luiz Filipe Silva E Souza Leite ¹ ; Paulo Assis ² ; Danton Heleno Gameiro ³ ; ¹Federal U. of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil; ²UFOP, Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil; ³Ouro Preto School of Mines , UFOP, Ouro Preto, Brazil;
Paper Id: 355 [Abstract]

Climate change is one of humanity's greatest challenges [1]. The effects of climate change on planet Earth are increasingly present in everyday life, causing environmental imbalances, thus strongly impacting the terrestrial ecosystem. According to the IPPC (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is the United Nations) [2] the increase in greenhouse effect emissions (GHG) is being caused by human activity, is causing climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions cover the Earth, trapping the sun's heat, generating global warming and climate change. Faced with this climate challenge, on December 12, 2015 in Paris, an international treaty was established to combat climate change, signed by 196 countries that committed to complying with the treaty as of November 4, 2016. The Paris agreement's main objective is to limit global warming below 2, preferably 1.5 degrees Celsius [3] . This climate action plan (Net Zero 2050) provides for the goal of zeroing net emissions of greenhouse gases by the year 2050), according to the International Energy Agency (IEA) [4] Steel is an essential material for the technological development of society. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) [5] the steel sector, among the heavy industries, ranks first in CO2 emissions and second in terms of energy consumption. Iron and steel account directly for 2.6 gigatons of carbon dioxide (GT CO2) emissions annually, with 7% of the global energy system total. Based on this analysis of these studies, this work aims to analyze the processes of decarbonization of the steel sector for the production of sustainable steel and its contribution to the reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement

[IronPoster7] MINING ACTIVITIES IN BRAZIL: STUDIES OF WAYS TO AVOID AND MITIGATE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS CAUSED BY IT UNDER A PERSPECTIVE OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND BRAZILIAN LAW
Gabriela Araujo Gois ¹ ; Raquel Araujo ² ; Paulo Assis ³ ; ¹UFOP/REDEMAT, Ouro Preto/MG, Brazil; ²UFOP, Ouro Preto, Brazil; ³UFOP, Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil;
Paper Id: 405 [Abstract]

Mining attracts a lot of investment and has a good financial return. And this potential of the sector was already visible since the period of colonial Brazil. At that time, the extraction of minerals was responsible for part of the occupation of the national territory and, mainly, for the economic balance and generation of wealth. However, the accidents that occurred after the collapse of mining dams in Brumadinho and Mariana attracted people's attention to seek ways to avoid environmental damage like this without harming the mining sector, which drives the country's economy due to the generation of jobs and to the production of items essential to people's daily lives, such as cars, computers, cell phones and household appliances, for example. The present work presents a bias that is related to Brazilian Law in the sense of stipulating standards on the subject and to Materials Engineering that works in the reuse of waste to make new materials, both areas working together and uniting the efforts that have been intensified to prevent and remedy environmental impacts.

SESSION:NanomaterialsPoster	ECHEGOYEN INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM (8TH INTL. SYMP. ON SYNTHESIS & PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS FOR FUTURE ENERGY DEMANDS)
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov to 1 Dec, 2023

[NanomaterialsPoster1] X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPIC INSIGHT INTO OXIDATION OF A RANGE OF SEMICONDUCTOR KESTERITE CU₂ZNSNS₄ NANOPOWDERS AFTER 6 MONTH-EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR
Jerzy F. Janik ¹ ; Katarzyna Lejda ² ; ¹AGH University of Krakow, Kraków, Poland; ²AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Kraków, Poland;
Paper Id: 253 [Abstract]

Kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 for prospective applications in photovoltaic (PV) cells is a complex quaternary metal sulfide semiconductor that as a tetragonal polytype shows the advantageous energy band gap Eg of 1.3-1.5 eV. Yet, from a practical viewpoint, not much is know about the compound’s susceptibility to oxidation in air which can impact its synthesis and characterization as well as stability in the application/storage stages.One of the kesterite materials forms are nanopowders that can be used to make special inks or as sputtering targets in PV cell preparations. We recently developed a few precursor systems for the preparation of kesterite nanopowders by the mechanochemically assisted synthesis method. The isolated raw nanopowder from the synthesis in all cases is a cubic polytype of kesterite (tentatively called prekesterite) that does not show semiconductor properties. Only, after annealing under a neutral gas atmosphere at 500 °C this form is converted to the tetragonal kesterite semiconductor.In this study, both the raw prekesterite and annealed kesterite nanopowders were synthesized from three precursor systems [1,2], i.e., from the mixture of the (i) component elements (CE) {2Cu+Zn+Sn+4S}, (ii) selected metal sulfides and sulfur (MS) {Cu2S+ZnS+SnS+S}, and (iii) from in-situ made Zn/Sn copper alloys that were further reacted with sulfur (CA) {2Cu+Zn+Sn} → Zn/Sn copper alloys+4S}. The resulting black powders were investigated as freshly made and after a 6-month exposure to ambient air.The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS confirmed in all nanopowders the characteristic binding energies of copper Cu(I), zinc Zn(II), tin Sn(IV), and sulfur S (in sulfides) as expected in both kesterite polytypes. However, for the air-exposed samples the S 2p region contained a set of two additional peaks (S 2p3/2 and S 2p1/2) above 168 eV that are typical for sulfur binding energies in the sulfate -SO4 groups. Their presence was confirmed by the analysis of the relevant oxygen O 1s peaks. The intensities of the sulfate-related peaks were higher for the prekesterites compared to the related kesterites, which pointed out to the higher oxidation reactivity of the former forms. This trend was further corroborated by the XRD patterns that confirmed substantial oxidation of all nanopowders after 6 months in air. The oxidation by-products in the amounts of up to several tens wt% included the hydrated forms of copper(II) and zinc(II) sulfates, and tin(IV) oxide SnO2.(NCN grant No. 2020/37/B/ST5/00151)

[NanomaterialsPoster2] SOLID-STATE ⁶⁵CU/¹¹⁹SN MAS NMR STUDY OF PROLONGED OXIDATION IN AMBIENT AIR OF SEMICONDUCTOR KESTERITE CU₂ZN₂SNS₄ NANOPOWDERS
Jerzy F. Janik ¹ ; Katarzyna Lejda ² ; Zbigniew Olejniczak ³ ; ¹AGH University of Krakow, Kraków, Poland; ²AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Kraków, Poland; ³Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31 342 Kraków, Poland;
Paper Id: 249 [Abstract]

The great potential in modern photovoltaics of semiconductor kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 warrants continuing interest by researchers in developing new synthesis routes and in studies of the fundamental and application properties of the compound. One of the overlooked kesterite features is its susceptibility to oxidation when exposed to air, which is of utmost interest in synthesis, examination, and storage/applications. In this regard, kesterite is a quaternary sulfide which exhibits a wide range of lattice and compositional defects while kesterite’s nanopowders are also characteristic of increased specific surface area. These factors can impact its oxidation reactivity, especially, in ambient air where the presence of water vapor is known to accelerate oxidation processes. Recently, we developed a few precursor systems for making kesterite via the mechanochemically-assisted synthesis method [1,2]. In all cases, the isolated raw powder is a cubic polytype of kesterite (tentatively called prekesterite) with no semiconductor properties. This variety is converted upon annealing in argon at 500 ºC to the tetragonal semiconductor kesterite. In this study, we prepared and investigated kesterite nanopowders (both cubic and tetragonal polytypes) from the metal sulfide (MS) system {Cu2S+ZnS+SnS+S → Cu2ZnSnS4} and from the Zn/Sn copper alloys (CA) system {2Cu+Zn+Sn → copper alloys} that further reacted with sulfur in-situ towards kesterite formation {alloys+4S → Cu2ZnSnS4}. After characterization, all freshly made nanopowders were exposed to ambient air for 6 months.The solid-state 65Cu/119Sn MAS NMR study confirmed our earlier observations and neither 65Cu nor 119Sn resonance signals were observed for the prekesterites from both systems [1,2]. It was true for the freshly made and air-exposed samples. This is ascribed by us to the so-called d0 magnetism in such nanopowders. On the other hand, the annealed kesterite nanopowders clearly showed both these resonances as anticipated. For the fresh samples, the 65Cu signals were found at 779.6 and 799.0 ppm and the 119Sn signals were found at -134.1 and -133.7 ppm for the kesterite nanopowders from the MS and CA precursor systems, respectively. For the samples being oxidized in air for 6 months, the signals could also be seen although with the relatively decreased intensities, respectively, for 65Cu at 797.1 and 800.0 ppm, and for 119Sn at 134.1 and 134.3 ppm. This is an interesting observation since the XRD patterns for the oxidized nanopowders support there significant amounts of the hydrated copper and zinc sulfates with the former containing magnetically active Cu+2 ions. Apparently, the presence of Cu+2 in the aggregates of the copper sulfate, which are spatially separated from the kesterite particles, does not interfere with the overall advantageous NMR resonance conditions.(NCN grant No. 2020/37/B/ST5/00151)

SESSION:covid19Poster	GUERRANT INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM (2ND INTL SYMP. ON COVID-19/INFECTIOUS DISEASES & THEIR IMPLICATIONS ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT)
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov to 1 Dec, 2023

[covid19Poster1] QUANTITATIVE PCR OF STRING-TEST COLLECTED GASTRIC MATERIAL: A FEASIBLE APPROACH TO DETECT HELICOBACTER PYLORI AND ITS RESISTANCE AGAINST CLARITHROMYCIN AND LEVOFLOXACIN FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY-GUIDED THERAPY
Barry James Marshall ¹ ; Xinyuan Han ² ; Xiqiu Yu ³ ; Xiaojuan Gao ³ ; Xiangyu Wang ⁴ ; Alfred Chin Yen Tay ⁵ ; Xiaolan Wei ³ ; Bing Lai ³ ; Xiuming Zhang ³ ; Eng Guan Chua ¹ ; ¹University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; ²Anhui University of Science and Technology, Anhui, China; ³The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; ⁴The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; ⁵University of Western Australia, Crawley, China;
Paper Id: 119 [Abstract]

Background As the reduced eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), we introduced string-test and quantitative PCR (qPCR) for susceptibility-guided therapy innovatively. The practicality of the string test was evaluated. Methods It was an open-label, non-randomized, parallel, single-center study, in which subjects tested by 13C- urea breath test (UBT) and string-qPCR were enrolled. Based on the results of string-qPCR, we calculated clarithromycin and levofloxacin resistance rates and gave 13C-UBT positive patients 14 days susceptibility-guided bismuth quadruple therapy. In the empirical therapy group, we retrospectively analyzed the treatment results of 13C-UBT positive patients also treated with bismuth quadruple at Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital from January 2021 to May 2022. The eradication rate was compared between susceptibility-guided therapy and empirical therapy groups. Results The diagnosis of H. pylori infection using the string-qPCR had an overall concordance rate of 95.9% with the 13C-UBT results. Based on the results of string-qPCR, the clarithromycin and levofloxacin resistance rates were 26.1% and 31.8%, respectively. The patients who were given 14 days susceptibility-guided bismuth-based quadruple therapy achieved a high H. pylori eradication rate of 91.8%. Retrospective analysis of patient treatment data from January 2021 to May 2022 available in the hospital database revealed an overall success rate of 82.3% for those who received empirical bismuth-based quadruple therapies, which is marginally significantly lower than that of the string-qPCR susceptibility-guided group (p = 0.084). Conclusion The high treatment success rate of 91.8% indicates that the string-qPCR test is a valuable and feasible approach for clinical practice to help improve H. pylori treatment success rate.

[covid19Poster2] PRE-CLINICAL AND RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL WITH BROMHEXINE AND N-ACETYLCYSTEINE FOR COVID-19
Aldo Lima ¹ ; ¹Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil;
Paper Id: 324 [Abstract]

Treatment options for mild to moderate COVID-19 is limited. N-acetylcysteine and bromhexine have antiviral activity and show potential as treatment options against SARS-CoV-2 infections. This study evaluates the in vitro antiviral effect of bromhexine (BMX) for SARS-CoV-2 and determines the efficacy of treatment with BMX in combination with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to reduce clinical scores in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. Upon evidence from pre-clinical studies, a single center randomized trial of BMX + NAC (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04928495) with420 participants in total took place in Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Out of the 420 participants 140 received placebo, 140 received NAC alone, and 140 received NAC + BMX. Patients were monitored for 10-14 days, where physicians recorded all signs and symptoms reported. Nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples were collected for SARS-CoV-2 RNA testing during the first visit, as well as 3 and 10 days after.  Blood samples were collected at first visit and 10 days after for immuno-inflammatory biomarkers measurements. Treatment with NAC+BMX reduced clinical scores and symptoms when compared to placebo group (2/26; 8% vs 7/18; 39%; p < 0.05). Fever (≥37.8°C) was reduced by NAC + BMX treatment when compared to treatment with NAC alone and placebo. This study was limited by a largely vaccinated population. Our analysis showed that BMX reduces SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Clinical trial results suggested that combinatory treatment with NAC + BMX is beneficial in mild to moderate COVID-19.

SESSION:BatteryPoster	KUMAR INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM (8TH INTL. SYMP. ON SUSTAINABLE SECONDARY BATTERY MANUFACTURING & RECYCLING)
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov to 1 Dec, 2023

[BatteryPoster1] NANO-POWDERED MATERIALS BASED ON TUNGSTEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS: SUSTAINABLE ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION
Inessa Novoselova ¹ ; Serhii Kuleshov ² ; Olha Medvezhynska ³ ; Anatoliy Omel'chuk ⁴ ; ¹V.I. Vernadskii Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; ²Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Kyiv, Ukraine; ³V. I. Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; ⁴Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General & Inorganic Chemistry, Kyiv-142, Ukraine;
Paper Id: 202 [Abstract]

The unique physicochemical properties of tungsten, its alloys and compounds (infusibility, chemical, abrasive and erosion resistance, high mechanical strength, emissive ability, catalytic activity, etc.) determined their widespread use in modern science and technology. This is evidenced by the high growth rates of the tungsten industry throughout the world. An important area of ​​tungsten application is the use of tungsten carbides in the production of cutting and wear-resistant materials. These materials are used in metalworking, the oil, gas, mining, energy, construction, and automotive industries, etc. A promising direction to improve the performance properties of tungsten-based materials is the reduction of the grain size in the material to the nanometer. Analysis of experts on the development of the world market for tungsten carbide indicates the importance of this direction and predicts an increase in carbide production from 2018 to 2028 on average by 4.07% per year in value equivalent [1, 2].The high-temperature electrochemical synthesis method allows one to obtain both single-phase powders of tungsten, tungsten bronzes, tungsten carbides, and composite materials based on them with carbon and metals (Pt, Co, Ni) in one stage at relatively low temperatures (700 °C) and energy consumption for electrolysis with an average grain size of up to 10 nm and a specific surface area of up to 30 m2/g. The carbon source for the synthesis of carbides is carbon dioxide, which is introduced into the melt under pressure. At the same time, this method is an electrochemical utilizing of carbon dioxide, the content of this greenhouse gas in the Earth’s atmosphere rises catastrophically every year [3]. The method allows one to capture and convert carbon dioxide into new value-added chemical products. Therefore, in addition to technological and applied tasks, this study solves an important environmental problem.Two variants of electrochemical synthesis were realized:1. Joint electro-reduction of oxygen-containing compounds of tungsten and carbon with doping agents Pt, carbon in chloride-oxide melts.2. Electro-reduction of oxygen-containing tungsten compounds that are found in chloride melts in the solid phase.Physico-chemical properties of the synthesized materials (phase and chemical composition, morphological and structural features, thermal stability, electro-catalytically activity) were studied and the correlation of properties with electrolysis conditions was established. Evaluation of the catalytic activity of the materials obtained was done in the reaction of hydrogen evolution in acidic solutions.

[BatteryPoster2] THE LEACHING PARAMETERS OPTIMIZATION OF A MIXTURE OF CATHODE MATERIALS FROM SPENT LITHIUM - ION BATTERIES DURING THE DISPOSAL OF HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES AND ELECTRONICS
Yulia Sokolova ¹ ; Vladislav Kordik ¹ ; ¹JSC VNIICHT, Leading Research of Chemical Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 417 [Abstract]

Spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) rank second in volume after lead-acid batteries in the total number of used batteries [1]. The volume of this type of hazardous waste now amounts to hundreds of kilotons. More than half of such waste is currently not recycled [2]. The main reason for the need to recycle LIB waste is currently its danger to the environment.When recycling electronics and household appliances waste, used LIBs contain cathode materials such as LiCoO2 (LCO), LiNi1-x-yMnxCoy (NMC); LiMn2O4 (LMO), LiFePO4 (LFP), etc. The mixture of cathode materials in this case contains valuable Co components (up to half the mass), significant amounts of Ni, Li, Mn. The peculiarities of this material include the variability of its composition, which must be taken into account in the work. The physicochemical characteristics of such materials are given in [3].The objective of the research is to develop a low-cost method for leaching valuable components from a mixture of cathode materials. A solution of sulfuric acid with additives of the reducing agent hydrogen peroxide was used. The dependence of the efficiency of the process on the concentration of acid, reducing agent, phase ratio, temperature, leaching kinetics was studied, and the optimal parameters for its implementation were determined. It was found that at a concentration of sulfuric acid 4 mol/l, hydrogen peroxide 2 mol/l, temperature 800C in 3 hours. The degree of leaching of all the above elements is more than 99%.Further processing of the resulting solution should be aimed at obtaining lithium compounds and precursors of NMC-type cathode materials, which will significantly reduce the cost of LIB disposal compared to the isolation of individual compounds.

SESSION:SolidStateChemistryPoster	POEPPELMEIER INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM(3RD INTL SYMP ON SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY FOR APPLICATIONS & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT)
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov to 1 Dec, 2023

[SolidStateChemistryPoster1] PROCESSING OF NI-TI ALLOYS THROUGH POWDER METALLURGY AND ITS MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR.
Vinicius Camilo Caitano ¹ ; ¹Fimat-Ouro Preto, Ouro Branco, Brazil;
Paper Id: 94 [Abstract]

Titanium is not rare, being the ninth most abundant chemical element in the earth's crust, behind metals such as aluminum, iron and magnesium.[1] Nickel and titanium alloys (Ni-Ti) are part of a group of metallic alloys whose main feature is the shape memory effect (EMF), known as shape memory alloys (SLM), or smart alloys. This alloy was characterized by having excellent electrical and mechanical properties, high resistance to corrosion and fatigue, with values ​​equal to or greater than those of stainless steel ABNT 316L and titanium alloy ASTM F 136. [2] The intermetallics formed are very difficult. to be removed by subsequent heat treatments, being thermodynamically more stable than NiTi. The emergence of these intermediate phases is related to the manufacturing process of the alloy and the subsequent thermal or thermomechanical treatments. [3] Biocompatibility is understood as the affinity that must exist between a certain material and the biological environment in which it needs to remain. The material implanted in the body may or may not produce reactions. [4]
Compared to conventional metallurgy, the Powder Metallurgy technique has become competitive both for technological and economic reasons: in the production of large quantities of parts, in complex shapes or with base material with a high melting point. It is a technique in constant evolution, with the development of new alloys.[5] After obtaining the metallic powders, the compaction step takes place, called Cold Pressing, which occurs at room temperature. In this process, the powder is placed in die cavities mounted on compression presses, being compressed to determined pressures, according to the type of powder used and the final characteristics desired in the sintered products.[6]
Sintering is a thermal treatment process in which particles are united, on an atomic scale, by means of mass transport mechanisms. The union of these particles consumes a good portion of the surface energy, causing an increase in the mechanical strength of the compact and a state of lower energy in the system.[7]

SESSION:MineralPoster	TOREM INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM (8TH INTL. SYMP. ON SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING)
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov to 1 Dec, 2023

[MineralPoster1] ADSORPTION OF OIL FROM WASTEWATER BY ANTHRACITE COAL
Jovica Sokolovic ¹ ; Grozdanka Bogdanović ² ; Ivana Ilić ² ; Zoran Štirbanović ² ; ¹University of Belgrade, Technical faculty in Bor, Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro; ²University of Belgrade, Technical Faculty in Bor, Bor, Serbia, Bor, Serbia;
Paper Id: 92 [Abstract]

In this paper, the adsorption and removal of oil from wastewater by anthracite coal was investigated. Anthracite from Anthracite Coal Mine “Vrska Cuka” Avramica in Serbia was used as an adsorbent for oil removal from wastewater. The effects of ration of solid-liqiud system, absorption time, the value of pH, initial oil concentration, and the oil concentration in wastewater on the adsorption capacity of anthracite were investigated by dynamic experiments. Adsorption test were carried out with different anthracite coal samples. The results showed that separated coal performed some better properties in removal of oil from wastewater.

SESSION:AdvancedMaterialsPoster	7TH INTL SYMPOSIUM ON NEW & ADVANCED MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov to 1 Dec, 2023

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster1] CAPTURING TOBACCO SPECIFIC NITROSAMINES (TSNA) WITH NEW SORBENT DERIVED FROM USED CIGARETTE FILTER
Jian Hua Zhu ¹ ; Ying Wang ² ; Yu Kang Zhang ¹ ; ¹Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; ²Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
Paper Id: 159 [Abstract]

Smoking is harmful to human health [1], and among more than 2000 chemicals in tobacco leaf, tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNA) are strong carcinogens to cause gene mutations and cancers threatening public health. Among various methods to remove TSNA in source, one strategy is to trap TSNA from tobacco extract solution, controlling the TSNA pollution in the initial stage of cigarette and snus production [2, 3]. However, this tobacco solution includes hundreds of substances so it needs special sorbent with the high capability of trapping TSNA. Here, we choose discarded cigarette butts (DCB) as carbon precursor [4] because the trillions of DCB generated each year throughout the world. Unlike natural biomass like coconut shell with perfect three-dimensional network, cigarette filter consists of numerous paralleled manufactured hairlike diacetate fibre and forms microporous carbon in carbonization so that modification is necessary.After a systemic investigation, a kind of hierarchical porous composite was fabricated via one-pot synthesis by means of cigarette filters and low-cost metal salts, and the optimal conditions had been determined. The type and amount of metal salt in the carbon precursor took charged of pore texture, electrical property and morphology, forming a new sorbent beyond activated carbon and zeolite in the selective liquid adsorption of TSNA. Moreover, the used cigarette butt was better than the fresh filter rod as the carbon source. With the 10%-16.5% of ferric oxide doped, new sorbent could capture the 29%-33% of TSNA in tobacco solution. Moreover, it exhibited a zeolite-like selectivity for 4-methylnitrosamino-1-3-pyridyl-1-butanone (NNK), which is beneficial for environment protection and recycling waste.Alumina was also introduced in the carbon sorbent in recent research through one-pot synthesis to form an efficient TSNA-trapper with a huge capacity and high rate in the adsorption of NNK in aqueous solution. With a capacity of 50 mg g-1, it worked much better than zeolite NaZSM-5 and activated carbon did.  Apart from anti-cancer and environment protection, these progresses offer a clue for preparation of new functional material and resource regeneration. 

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster2] SOLAR DRIVEN HYDROGEN GENERATION FROM WATER SPLITTING ON CONJUGATED POLYMER
Jun Zhou ¹ ; Zhiwei Cui ¹ ; Ying Wang ² ; Zhigang Zou ³ ; ¹1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.2. 1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China. 2. Eco-materials and Renewable Energy Research Centre (ERERC), National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Kunshan Innovation Institute of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China., Nanjing, China; ²Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; ³2. Eco-materials and Renewable Energy Research Centre (ERERC), National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Kunshan Innovation Institute of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China., Nanjing, China;
Paper Id: 164 [Abstract]

Photocatalytic hydrogen generation from water on conjugated polymer semiconductors has drawn considerable attentions for providing a clean alternative energy to resolve the environmental and energy issues in an economic route [1, 2].Polyimides (PIs), famous as an engineering material, represent another kind of polymer photocatalyst that is functionally comparable with g-C3N4. Prepared by solid-state thermal condensation (PI-TC), they commonly possessed branched morphology because lack of structural tailoring strategies. The performance for photocatalytic water splitting based on this polymer was largely limited due to the intrinsic structure defects in the dendritic chains of PI-TC impeded the electron delocalization and inter-chain charge transport. In the present work, a two-dimensional imide-based conjugated polymer (PI-SM) with preferred (001) orientation was constructed by solvent induced assemblage. High performance of 1640 μmol h-1g-1 for solar driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and excellent stability were achieved due to tunnelling charge transport between neighbour molecular sheets. The strong solvent dependent conformation variation is found to be intimately related to the specific interactions between the polymer chain and solvent molecules that play primary driving force for the chain diffusion and rearrangement [3]. This work provides further insight into the intrinsic interacting mechanism of solvent induced crystallization of conjugated polymer and paves an innovative way for synthesis of efficient polymer semiconductor photocatalysts.   

SESSION:EnergyPoster	8TH INTL. SYMP. ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION: FOSSIL; RENEWABLES; NUCLEAR; WASTE HANDLING , PROCESSING, & STORAGE FOR ALL ENERGY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES; ENERGY CONSERVATION
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov to 1 Dec, 2023

[EnergyPoster1] OPTIMIZING BUSINESS PROFIT WITH SUSTAINABLE MANUFACTURING: CASE STUDY OF BAKERY
Esma Nur Semir ¹ ; Kutay Ercan ² ; Elif Şimşek ² ; Ibrahim Cahit Ozdemir ¹ ; Abdulmecid Pamuk ¹ ; Vildan Yalova ³ ; Ibrahim Binici ¹ ; Mehmet Fatih Bor ¹ ; Şakir Bingöl ¹ ; ¹Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; ²Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey; ³Marmara university, Istanbul, Turkey;
Paper Id: 130 [Abstract]

Although the world and technology have developed from the past to the present, production activities have always maintained their existence and importance since the early times. Over time, the way the activities are carried out and the resources used have changed. In today's world, it can be said that there is a tendency towards cleaner energy sources. The use of these resources provides advantages to both the environment and the user from many perspectives. This paper proposes an energy optimization method based on gradient descent optimization and a multi-input decisive algorithm to help small and medium-sized businesses identify the most efficient energy consumption plan and transition to more sustainable energy sources. Within the scope of this study, resource transformation in bread ovens is taken as a basis. The financial benefits of the transition from traditional methods to new and cleaner sources for the producer and the release to the environment have been examined. According to the findings, although there is a group of people that defends traditional methods in the current situation, the benefits of this transformation in the furnaces for the producer and the buyer are undeniable due to the parameters examined and the regulations in the metropolises. It is predicted that this transformation will be seen more widely in the future.

[EnergyPoster2] SMART WATER INJECTION INTO CARBONATE RESERVOIR ROCKS AND ITS EFFECT ON RESERVOIR ROCK AND FLUID PROPERTIES
Abdollah Esmaeili ¹ ; ¹Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belem, Brazil;
Paper Id: 371 [Abstract]

With the increasing demand for crude oil, oil producing countries are trying to increase production. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods play an important role in increasing oil production. Among the methods, advanced or smart water injection performs better due to its low cost and high efficiency. One of the methods of increasing oil recovery that has received a lot of attention is smart water injection, which tries to improve its effectiveness by changing the salinity and ions of the injected water. The most important issue in producing crude oil from carbonate oil reservoirs is the phenomenon of oil remaining in the pores of reservoir rock. One of the methods used to increase production efficiency in carbonated reservoirs is smart water injection in order to change the wettability of carbonate reservoir rock which is one of the important parameters in increasing oil recovery; especially in these reservoirs, which have often oil- wet reservoir rock. If we be able to change wettability of reservoir rock from oil-wet to water-wet, production efficiency and oil recovery from the reservoir will be increased. The smart water solution is nothing more than adding a small amount of salt to the water. There are many salts in nature, all of which are formed by acid-base reactions. The salt produced from the acid-base reaction is a neutral compound and releases its ions when dissolved in water. Active ions have a great effect on reducing the interfacial tension between water and oil, as well as the wettability of the reservoir rock. This principle is the main reason for using smart water as an effective material for enhanced oil recovery (EOR).

SESSION:MathematicsPoster	6TH INTL. SYMP. ON SUSTAINABLE MATHEMATICS APPLICATIONS
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov to 1 Dec, 2023

[MathematicsPoster1] FRENKEL-KONTOROVA MODEL - CONSTRUCTION OF THE GROUND STATE
Alexander Filonov ¹ ; Aleksandr Ivanenko ² ; ¹Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Materials Science Siberian Federal University Krasnoyarsk pr. imeni gazety Krasnoyarskii Rabochii 95 RUSSIAN FEDERATION, Красноярск, Russian Federation; ²Institute of Engineering Physics and Radioelectronics, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 474 [Abstract]

By constructing graphs of the function β(x1): - with K = 5, 10, 20, 40... - the structural components of the FK model are analyzed with an assessment of the exponential increase in the accuracy of calculations of the ground state, depending on the length of the chain. In [1], solutions to the ground state of the FK model (“NSU Ladders”) were constructed only for N104 (V0

[MathematicsPoster2] FRENKEL-KONTOROVA MODEL - DYNAMICS
Alexander Filonov ¹ ; Artur Abkaryan ² ; Aleksandr Ivanenko ² ; ¹Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Materials Science Siberian Federal University Krasnoyarsk pr. imeni gazety Krasnoyarskii Rabochii 95 RUSSIAN FEDERATION, Красноярск, Russian Federation; ²Institute of Engineering Physics and Radioelectronics, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 480 [Abstract]

In [1], the FK model (β=1) was written in the continuum approximation, after which an exact analytical solution was found for a soliton moving at speed w (Frenkel-Kontorova dislocation).In [1] there is no answer to the question about the presence in the system of other non-dislocation solutions that are localized in space and do not decay in time.Such solutions were found in exact numerical calculations.Let us write the Hamiltonian as the sum of kinetic K and potential U energies, with the law of elastic dispersion of the general form:Let us consider not only Hooke’s law, but also a function that does not allow the intersection of atoms in space (x≠o), for example, with two local minima x≈α and x=1+β:Assuming discrete time - t = j h, j = 1.2 ..., where h is the time step - we have solutions to the system of Newton’s equations for the k-th CH atom of the form:System of equations (3) is an algorithm for constructing dynamic solutions of the FK model.In [2], the “Chain” program with algorithm (2)-(3) constructs dynamic solutions of the FK model.An example of a dynamic solution with Hooke's law of elastic dispersion is considered and in it an energy excitation that does not decay in time, moving with a non-uniform speed and with an energy lower than the rest energy of the dislocation, is found.When considering the dynamics of the FK model [2]: - α=0.5, β=0, γ=0.044, V0=0.03, Δ=1, a phase transition from β- to α-phase was found, with a decrease in the size of the CH by almost two times.Conclusions:1 The dynamics of the FK model and the dynamics of its continuum approximation do not always and everywhere coincide.2 For the original discrete model, the result of an exact solution of the string limit may turn out to be erroneous. For example, in [3] an exact expression was obtained for the partition function of the FK model in the continuum approximation. Based on the above, it can be argued that this solution is not applicable to the original FK model.3 If we accept that in local field theories ∇φ - this is a gradient analogue of Hooke’s chain, then we assume that in the center of the black hole matter with a changed metric and with fields collapsing to the size ɑN is grouped.

[MathematicsPoster3] PORTVIN - LE CHATELIER EFFECT
Alexander Filonov ¹ ; Lyudmila Kveglis ² ; Artur Abkaryan ² ; Evgeniy Artemyev ² ; ¹Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Materials Science Siberian Federal University Krasnoyarsk pr. imeni gazety Krasnoyarskii Rabochii 95 RUSSIAN FEDERATION, Красноярск, Russian Federation; ²Institute of Engineering Physics and Radioelectronics, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 475 [Abstract]

Quote from [1,2]: -“Many experiments measuring the deformation of solids under static loads have revealed sudden yielding and other deviations from normal behavior, now known as the “Portvin-Le Chatelier effect.” If we follow historical truth, then the honor of the discovery of this phenomenon should be associated with the names of Felix Savard (1837) and Antoine Philibert Masson (1841). Masson described a steep, almost vertical (σ-ε diagram) increase in stress, accompanied by very little deformation, up to a value at which there was a sudden sharp increase in deformation at constant stress. In experiments of this type with dead loads used in testing machines in the 19th century, this phenomenon took on the form that later led to the use of the term "staircase effect."For small and large deformations, this effect has been studied by many over the past two centuries, but a satisfactory explanation has not yet been achieved.It makes sense to compare the experimental ladders of the Portvin-Le Chatelier effect [1,2] with the already existing theoretical ladders [3,4].In [1,2], in experiments on stretching Al with a purity of 99.99% shows several detailed graphs of the σ-ε dependence, for example, [9, p. 74] and [10, p. 288].If you compare the staircase [1, p. 74] with the staircases [3,4], then their similarities are revealed - they almost coincide. But if you look at [1, p. 74] more carefully, especially at the initial stretching section, then qualitative differences are noticeable. First of all, this is the absence of strictly vertical segments in the experimental graphs. Consequently, the FK model is not enough to explain the EPLC, so it needs to be modified and replaced with the DFK model.From the point of view of the DFK model, the initial stretching segment is associated with the general stretching of two CHs united by the potential Vlj. Further, at a certain critical force Fc, failure occurs with compression of CH2 and abrupt stretching of CH1 followed by interchain capture. The process is repeated until the sample breaks.The first prediction of the new model is that when stretched, the sample becomes chemically inhomogeneous in length and composition of m and M atoms.The most important question for the EPLC within the framework of the DFK model arises - the nature of Hooke's chains.If stretchable CH1 is logically associated with an AL crystal, then the nature of CH2 may be associated with metal impurities. Let's follow this hypothesis.In metals with a small amount of impurities, for example, in ALR%, the metal impurity R% is capable of being ordered into a cubic crystal at high temperatures. Impurity period CH2 – one-dimensional projection of the crystal R%, , where % is the number of impurities in the main matrix. Suppose that in our case % = 10-6, then the period CH2Comparing the number of steps [1, p. 74] with R=100, we find an approximate match.As a result of stretching, the period of the R-sublattice changes from r=100 to r=1.From the temperature graphs of the EPLC [2] it is clear that the EPLC disappears at T> Tc.EPLC is a special case of phenomena in metal alloys AxB1-x. 

[MathematicsPoster4] OPEN AND CLOSED QUANTUM MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
Alexander Filonov ¹ ; Valentin Danilov ² ; Artur Abkaryan ³ ; Aleksandr Ivanenko ³ ; ¹Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Materials Science Siberian Federal University Krasnoyarsk pr. imeni gazety Krasnoyarskii Rabochii 95 RUSSIAN FEDERATION, Красноярск, Russian Federation; ²Institute of Space and Informatic Technologies, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation; ³Institute of Engineering Physics and Radioelectronics, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 476 [Abstract]

The Frenkel-Kontorova model (FK model) is a closed mechanical system with conserved total energy and number of particles.The developed Frenkel-Kontorova model (DFK model) is an open mechanical system with non-conserved energy and numbers of interacting particles.The quantum analogue of the FK model is the theory of a quantum mechanical particle in a periodic potential.Quantum analogues of the DFK model are open quantum mechanical theories with periodic potentials, for example, the Kronig-Penney model with a constant friction force and the model of a quantum mechanical particle tunneling through the cut ends of a periodic potential [1].It is known that in closed quantum mechanical theories there are no transitions between discrete energy levels, therefore their wave functions do not decay, and the energy spectra are purely real.The energy spectra of open quantum systems are described by complex values with damped wave functions.For us, superradiant states are of greatest interest. Preliminary quote from [2]: - “as an example of a physical phenomenon possible during the interaction of an intense electromagnetic wave with matter, we cite the phenomenon of superradiance or, to be precise, coherent spontaneous radiation predicted by R. Dicke [3]. This prediction is nontrivial, since it is known from the elementary theory of radiation that spontaneous emission is an incoherent process. However, there may be excited states of a system of 𝑁 atoms in which the radiation intensity is 𝑁2 times greater than that of an individual atom.”Qualitatively, the resulting state of N identical atoms brought to one point can be conveniently represented as atoms with two levels, the width of the upper one increases N times compared to the initial one.An even more interesting case is when the levels are not identical, quote from [4]: -“The problem of the influence of energy dissipation on the properties of the unstable states themselves remains one of the main problems of modern quantum physics. The irreversible flow of energy from the observed system to another (continuum) leads to the fact that each excited level of the spectrum of the observed system has a finite width. In reality, all excited states of physical systems have a finite lifetime. Their properties are studied using external fields that excite these states, which then decay along one or another channel. The weak influence of the continuum on the spectrum of the system can be taken into account using standard perturbation theory, but as soon as the widths of the levels are compared with the distance between them, the perturbation theory stops working. New approaches are required to analyze the emerging situation.”In [4,5], several theorems were proven based on general provisions of local field theory. Of these, we will highlight two that are of key importance for our work.In two systems of N energy levels with identical quantum numbers, in the first the levels decay one at a time, in the second through L channels.As shown in [4, 5], when the widths of the levels of the corresponding decay channels intersect, in the first case one, and in the second L, fast-decay levels are identified, the widths of which, depending on the degree of overlap, take up almost the entire width of the initial levels (Nγ). The widths of the remaining N–L levels decrease at a fixed total zone width W and the widths of the initial levels γ by (Nγ/W)2 times.Despite the fact that the results of theorems [4,5] are confirmed by exact solutions of nonlocal models [1], optical experiments - the absence of superradiant states in microcrystals - cast doubt on these results.

[MathematicsPoster5] FRENKEL-KONTOROVA MODEL - GROUND STATE
Alexander Filonov ¹ ; Artur Abkaryan ² ; Aleksandr Ivanenko ² ; ¹Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Materials Science Siberian Federal University Krasnoyarsk pr. imeni gazety Krasnoyarskii Rabochii 95 RUSSIAN FEDERATION, Красноярск, Russian Federation; ²Institute of Engineering Physics and Radioelectronics, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 477 [Abstract]

In 1938, the authors: Yakov Ilyich Frenkel and Tatyana Abramovna Kontorova (LFTI) put forward the Frenkel-Kontorova model (FK model) [1], which served as the basis for the creation of many theories of highly nonlinear processes [2].It is of interest to develop the FK model in order to expand the scope of its natural science applications.The FK model is an elastically periodic chain of atoms (CH) in a periodic potential.CH - is a one-dimensional sequence of N point atoms of masses m with coordinates {xi} and period β, interconnected by elastic springs with the law of elastic dispersion Φ(x). Φ(x) - most often this is Hooke's law, .The periodic potential V(x) has even symmetry and period a=1.In most previous works [1,2], it was assumed that solutions would be simplified by eliminating boundary effects from consideration. As it turned out [3,4], this assumption is wrong: - in the discrete FK model there is no small parameter 1/N, so it is necessary to find exact solutions taking into account the position of its boundary atoms.The potential energy of the FK system has the form:where N is the number of atoms in the chain, N=2K+1; xi is the distance of the i-th atom to the center of the chain.In [1] .If β=0, then in the ground state of the FK model the point CH is at the minimum of the potential V(x=0). When β≠0 the position of the central atom does not change x0=0. The positions of the remaining atoms relative to the center are not even and are determined from a system of nonlinear equilibrium equations.    - system of N equilibrium equations. Taking into account x-i = - xi, we have:At x0=0, all coordinates xi and β are functions of x1, x1 ∈ [0, 0.5], therefore, solutions for the ground state of the FK model can be obtained by minimizing U(x1) with respect to x1 [3,4]. Comparing the exact solutions [3,4] with their continuum approximations [5], we found that the properties of the ground state of the discrete FK model coincide with the properties of its continuum approximation only in the homogeneity region.

[MathematicsPoster6] DIAMOND MOLECULE
Alexander Filonov ¹ ; Valentin Danilov ² ; Artur Abkaryan ³ ; Aleksandr Ivanenko ³ ; Anatoly Korets ³ ; ¹Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Materials Science Siberian Federal University Krasnoyarsk pr. imeni gazety Krasnoyarskii Rabochii 95 RUSSIAN FEDERATION, Красноярск, Russian Federation; ²Institute of Space and Informatic Technologies, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation; ³Institute of Engineering Physics and Radioelectronics, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 478 [Abstract]

If we follow the classical theory of crystal growth, then when they reach a size L > Lc in the electronic bands, the natural energy widths of the levels should overlap, and, therefore, [1,2], super radiant states should form, but they do not exist - an experimental fact.We expect that the idea of a “dielectric molecule” solves this problem.To overcome the fundamental contradiction between classical theories and classical experiments, we conducted exploratory studies of multilevel systems (nanodielectrics).In experiments [3-6], chemical methods were used to determine: - to what minimum size a diamond can be divided along “cleavage” planes [7]. In them, starting from highly dispersed nanodiamond powders, we came to a water-diamond compound. A water-diamond compound is a crystal consisting of identical nanodiamonds - carbon cubes of diamond symmetry; Water molecules (H+-(OH)-) are attached to the surfaces of the “diamond molecules” as rigid rods connecting the cubes to each other.Let us describe the process of obtaining a new substance: - first, diamonds were dissolved with KOH alkali, which turned out to be the best solvent [3]. After dissolving Diamond powders and then washing out the alkali with water, water-diamond solutions of DiamondH2O are obtained [4].When this solution is deposited on heated silicon surfaces, thin films [5] that are difficult to destroy are formed.When a large amount of DiamondH2O is slowly dried in a glass, thick transparent films are formed on its surface due, as we think, to the strong wetting of the glass with “water-diamond clay”. The presence of a protective film was easily confirmed - the glass and samples stopped interacting with hydrofluoric acid (HF).Physicochemical and X-ray structural analyzes of the films led us [6] to the chemical formula of the water-diamond compound – Diamond80%(H2O)20%.From the formula of the compound, the size of the “diamond molecule” (Diamond) follows. It is equal to ≈4.2 nm. Thus, for the Diamond80%(H2O)20% molecule we have a cube of diamond symmetry of approximately 12000 carbon atoms, on the surface of which 2000 water molecules are attached.If we accept the hypothesis of a “dielectric molecule” arising from our experiments, then each energy level of a dielectric crystal should be assigned a new quantum number - its coordinate in the sample (an analogue of a quasi-momentum). Then the situation with crystals is equivalent to the case of a quantum system, when L~N.As a result: - in dielectrics, the energy widths of electronic levels with the same quantum numbers do not intersect, and therefore super radiant states are not formed.

[MathematicsPoster7] MODE OF COHERENT DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES
Alexander Filonov ¹ ; Aleksandr Ivanenko ² ; Olga Peryanova ³ ; Anatoly Korets ² ; ¹Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Materials Science Siberian Federal University Krasnoyarsk pr. imeni gazety Krasnoyarskii Rabochii 95 RUSSIAN FEDERATION, Красноярск, Russian Federation; ²Institute of Engineering Physics and Radioelectronics, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation; ³Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 479 [Abstract]

Previously [1] - [3] the following were presented: FK, DFK, AIM, AIM+ models.The FK model is an elastic-periodic chain of atoms (CH1) in a periodic potential, which is described by commensurate and incommensurate phases.In the DFK model, the periodic potential of the FK model is replaced by a second elastically periodic chain of atoms (CH2).In the AIM model, the cosmological applications of the FK + DFK models are considered, through the creation of a time chain (CH1 + CH2), a type of open system.The rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam voiced the cosmological idea of the AIM model: -          “Oh, woe! Nothingness is embodied in our flesh,           Nothingness is surrounded by a border of celestial spheres.           We tremble in horror from birth to death:           We are ripples on Time, but it is nothing.”In the AIM+ model CH1 atoms returning to the jerk point form a cloud of gas, which condenses on the energy excitations of the time chain (CH1+ CH2), forming associated states with them.Let us call the emerging states “living cells” (LC). LC can be two-dimensional, three-dimensional, etc. dimensions. It is possible that the first three-dimensional LC was formed at the stage of inflationary growth of the Universe long before the point of the “Big Bang”; let’s call it “inflaton”. AIM+ - the model considers the phase of inflationary growth of the Universe as the initial stage of the development of a microbial colony.It is known that communities of biological cells are open biological systems, which at the initial stages develop according to an exponential law (I-phase). But then they plateau very quickly. We believe that the I-phase can be extended by creating a coherent state for the LC (CR mode), when the entire community develops coherently.In experiments [4]-[5], the problem of creating one of the possible CR modes in microbiological systems was solved: - stimulating the growth of a colony of a microbiological culture of e.coli with a physical device with spatial coherence, by resonantly matching the size of a biological cell with the coherence period of the device. As a result: - we observed CR stimulated by an external field - modes with single and multiple subcultures of the microbiological culture. 

[MathematicsPoster8] DYNAMICS FRENKEL-KONTOROVA MODEL
Alexander Filonov ¹ ; Lyudmila Kveglis ² ; Artur Abkaryan ² ; Evgeniy Artemyev ² ; ¹Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Materials Science Siberian Federal University Krasnoyarsk pr. imeni gazety Krasnoyarskii Rabochii 95 RUSSIAN FEDERATION, Красноярск, Russian Federation; ²Institute of Engineering Physics and Radioelectronics, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 481 [Abstract]

In order to develop the FK model, the DFK model (Developed Frenkel-Kontorova model) is put forward: - two one-dimensional sequences of N and L point atoms, masses m and M; with coordinates {xi} and {yj}, connected by elastic springs with the laws of elastic dispersion and . Chains CH1 and CH2 interact with each other by potential Vi,j.The Hamiltonian of the DFK model has the form:From the analysis of the ground state of the DFK model (N = L) [1], the following conclusion follows: - when one of the Hooke’s chains is stretched by force F, an abrupt transition to the incommensurate phase occurs (F>Fc), in which part of the atoms of the stretched chain CH1 leaves the interaction with CH2. The number of atoms falling out of the Vi,j interaction space , where V0 = max Vi,j.With strong interaction (V0 ~ 1) and strong stretching (F>Fc ~1), the size of the dislocation is 2, and the number of precipitated atoms is N/2. In this case, the incommensurate phase will be a periodic chain of hole dislocations, i.e., commensurate crystal with doubled period.

[MathematicsPoster9] APPLICATION OF THE DFK MODEL TO METAL ALLOYS MODEL OF ATOMIC ORDERING IN A_XB_1-X ALLOYS
Alexander Filonov ¹ ; Lyudmila Kveglis ² ; Artur Abkaryan ² ; Evgeniy Artemyev ² ; ¹Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Materials Science Siberian Federal University Krasnoyarsk pr. imeni gazety Krasnoyarskii Rabochii 95 RUSSIAN FEDERATION, Красноярск, Russian Federation; ²Institute of Engineering Physics and Radioelectronics, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 482 [Abstract]

A metal alloy is a collection of crystalline grains with an average size L, the space between which is filled with impurities.Classical theories of metal alloys are based on the idea of a “random phase”: - atoms in a crystal lattice according to chemistry. composition can be arranged randomly.The DFK model puts forward the idea of a “commensurate phase”, which is realized by the strong interaction of crystal sublattices: - an alloy AB of equiatomic composition is considered as a commensurate crystal with AB molecules (N = L). If the main periods of the sublattices are equal, respectively: for crystal A - a, for crystal B - b, then the period of the AB alloy crystal is equal to . When heated (T>V0), the sublattices become independent and return to the original periods (a, b).Having asked the question about the atomic composition of the grain of the AxB1-x alloy, we proceed from the main hypothesis - metal alloys are described by commensurate phases of the DFK structure. Let us project an alloy of cubic symmetry AxB1-x (x≥0.5) onto a one-dimensional DFK model. Assuming that the alloy is a commensurate phase of the DFK model with CH(Ax) and CH(B1-x) sublattices and strong interchain interaction, V0~1 - we will show that x can only take discretely defined values x=x0.To the alloy grain AxB1-x (x ≥ 0.5) we associate elastically periodic chains CH(Ax) and CH(B1-x) of N and L atoms of the same size, respectively, then if the period of the chain CH(Ax) = 1, then the period of the chain CH(B1-x) is equal to .Thus, x can only take discrete values x0:The chemical composition of the AxB1-x alloy grain has the form Ax0B1-x0. We choose in (1) the first fractional-rational values ≥ 1, with the smallest denominators, because commensurate phases [1] with strong interaction can only be realized with them. From (1) we have: x0 = 0.50; 0.70; 0.89, i.e. very limited number of options depending on V0.The fallen atoms, with density Δx=x-x0, are located between the grains, determining their size:L~1/ Δx.                                                               (2)The interaction between sublattices is carried out by the potential Vij, which is significant if the temperature T 0. At T> V0 the chains are independent.

[MathematicsPoster10] PROSPECTS FOR THE DFK MODEL
Alexander Filonov ¹ ; Lyudmila Kveglis ² ; Artur Abkaryan ² ; Evgeniy Artemyev ² ; ¹Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Materials Science Siberian Federal University Krasnoyarsk pr. imeni gazety Krasnoyarskii Rabochii 95 RUSSIAN FEDERATION, Красноярск, Russian Federation; ²Institute of Engineering Physics and Radioelectronics, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 483 [Abstract]

The FK model [1] was successfully applied to the description of incommensurate phases and charge density waves [2]. Less successful in describing amorphous phases in CoPd alloys [3] and completely unsuccessful in analyzing solid-phase reactions [4] and structures with high-temperature superconductivity.The prospects of the DFK model are primarily related to temperature effects in binary alloys:1. At T> Tc, the size of the high-temperature grain L0 is not limited by anything, L0 >> L. Perhaps this explains the “Shape Memory Effect”, when the shape of the high-temperature phase sample is remembered.2. c - the period of the crystal lattice of the AB alloy with the elasticity coefficients of the sublattices (λ, κ) is equal to: . Perhaps this formula explains the “Invar Effect”, when by heating a sample does not expand, and sometimes even contracts.3. From the analysis of the states of “charge density waves” [2], we assume, that we are talking about waves of “exciton density”, then from the DFK model, the chemical formulas of crystallites for alloys with high temperature superconductivity should be given by the formulas AxB1-xC with disparity parameters x ≈ 0.70; 0.89, etc.

[MathematicsPoster11] ON THE POSSIBILITY OF “COLD THERMONUCLEAR FUSION”
Alexander Filonov ¹ ; Valentin Danilov ² ; ¹Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Materials Science Siberian Federal University Krasnoyarsk pr. imeni gazety Krasnoyarskii Rabochii 95 RUSSIAN FEDERATION, Красноярск, Russian Federation; ²Institute of Space and Informatic Technologies, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 484 [Abstract]

The phenomenon of “cold thermonuclear fusion” (CTF) involves the occurrence of high-energy nuclear reactions under normal conditions, with energies of at least 1 MeV. Is it possible? We think so.To understand the realism of CTF, let us consider a physical process in which great energy is present at the real and virtual levels.It is known that during first-order phase transitions a large amount of energy is released, but this energy is volumetric - usually it is not localized in space and not synchronized in time.While searching for the desired phase transition, we found a high-energy and surface-localized process - gas desorption from the metal matrix.The electron levels of the absorbed gas hybridize with the electrons of the metal matrix, forming a narrow energy band with them.When heated, a positively charged ion first flies out of the sample, to which a band electron is attached after some time. The electron recombination time is determined by the widths of the levels with a single desorption decay channel.If we apply the DFK model to gas desorption, then this process is described by structural phase transitions with a ladder dependence of the gas concentration inside the sample on temperature, with abrupt changes in pressure at the steps of the ladder [1]. Pressure restrains the escape of gas ions, being the main reason that limits the rate of its outflow and creates an internal stress field.Superradiant levels (SRLs) do not form in crystals under normal conditions, but when heated, gas ions escaping from the crystal matrix become part of an open quantum mechanical system. As a result, SRL appear.From [2,3] it follows that the widths of the SRL desorption channel of decay are not limited in any way and in microcrystals can reach several MeV.We consider the following CTF model realistic: - a matrix of a metal that adsorbs hydrogen well, for example Pd, saturated with deuterium when heated, pushes out the deuterium nucleus. A superradiant electron E- should join it, but there is a faster, nuclear desorption channel - the virtual collapse of one of the internal deuterium nuclei into two virtual neutrons with the further formation of two tritium nuclei, or tritium and a neutron:where E- is an electron at a superradiant level; , - - virtual neutron and neutrino, thus we have:or:Microscopic Pd crystals in this process play the role of an electron accelerator, catalyzing the nuclear process. Under nonequilibrium conditions, the neutron channel of the CTS (3) can kinematically prevail over the tritium channel (2), which we have repeatedly observed.

[MathematicsPoster12] DEVELOPMENT OF THE FRENKEL-KONTOROVA MODEL AIM MODEL
Alexander Filonov ¹ ; Aleksandr Ivanenko ² ; ¹Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Materials Science Siberian Federal University Krasnoyarsk pr. imeni gazety Krasnoyarskii Rabochii 95 RUSSIAN FEDERATION, Красноярск, Russian Federation; ²Institute of Engineering Physics and Radioelectronics, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 485 [Abstract]

A dynamic theory of ordering of the DFK model hole dislocations is put forward.The results of the developed FK and DFK models are incorporated into the AIM theory to answer the question: how does the process of ordering dislocations of the DFK model (two interacting elastically periodic chains of N atoms) proceed into a commensurate crystal?It is known that after a strong tug at the ends of one of the chains of the DFK model, half of the atoms of the first chain leave the region of interaction with the second. As a result: the remaining half of the atoms form with the atoms of the second chain a commensurate crystal with a double period. Each element of this crystal is a Frenkel-Kontorova (FK) hole dislocation [1].A FK is a formation that does not decay in space and has a number of properties that coincide with the characteristics of a point particle, namely: – mass M; incompressible size (equal to 2); kinetic and potential energy, etc. A commensurate crystal after a jerk is not formed immediately, but as atoms fly out of the region of interaction of chains, during the movement of dislocations to the center of the system.On a chain (length N), dislocations appear at its edges and are arranged in pairs symmetrically relative to the center.It is of interest to write down the spatiotemporal equation of the FK ordering process, starting from the departure of the first two edge atoms of the stretched chain to the departure of its last L= N/2 atoms.Emitted atoms are, in the AIM theory, countable characteristics of FK dislocations, analogues of moments in time. Let us associate the emitted J-atom of the DFK chain with a dislocation with number J at its end, J≤J0, J0 = L/2. The remaining FK dislocations numbered i, 1 ≤ i < J, are located between the center of the chain and its edge. FK move towards the center of the chain. We will describe the dynamics of dislocation ordering depending on the number of the ejected  J-atom using the AIM* model. * (AIM- ab initio mundu (lat.) – from the beginning of the world)The theory states:1. DFK dislocation with number i is an analogue of the i-th moment of time, located at the moment of time J at a distance from the center of the system. 2. R(J) - discrete Lagrangian of the AIM model.R(J) has the form:3. determined from the equation:4. Our goal is to find all values of ; 1≤ i 0, , with the final solution:where L is the main parameter of the model.5. Parameters MJ, V(J) are found from the system of inequalities:where MJ is the mass of atoms in a chain of 2J dislocations, atoms are called DFK dislocations; - period of an elastic-periodic chain, with an elasticity coefficient equal to 1; V(J) is the periodic potential in which the dislocation chain is located.Thus, the AIM theory is an open FK model with an increasing number of particles and with “running” ones, i.e. J-dependent periods, masses and potential amplitudes.As shown earlier: - in systems with periodic potentials, inhomogeneous dynamic solutions inevitably arise that are not destroyed. Consequently, in a system with potential (1) it is impossible to obtain a homogeneous solution (3) as the final result.In this regard, it is necessary to introduce additional terms into Lagrangian (1), ensuring the destruction of nonlinear excitations.We believe that the initial terms of the “destruction mechanism” should be the first and second harmonics V(J) with the main and doubled periods alternating on (off) depending on the parity of J.We expect that in a system with the first and second harmonics alternately turning on (off) the previous one-dimensional solitons stop, but over time two-dimensional non-decaying dynamic excitations are formed.After some time JK ~ J0 in (1), the following harmonics VK(J) are turned on (off). At points J = JK on the temporary dislocation chain of the AIM system, phase transitions occur with a change in the spatial dimension of dynamic excited states.To summarize, for the AIM model we write:AIM - modelwhere is the “destruction mechanism”, with each moment of time divided into K-instants, with the corresponding harmonics of the external potential. From general considerations it follows that VK(J) ~ V0(J), V0(J0) = 0. The phase transition points JK are determined by inequalities (4).                                    The AIM model is a cosmological application.                                From the Big Jerk through the Big Bang and Beyond From a cosmological point of view, the number of moments in time is equal to the optimally round number, i.e. .Let’s compare the generally accepted concepts with the concepts of the AIM model:1. “Matter” – energy excitations on the time chain;2. “Dark energy” - one-dimensional phase of matter (stationary); 3. “Dark matter” - two-dimensional phase of matter (stationary);4. “Visible matter” - three-dimensional phase of matter (dynamic);5. The next phase is four-dimensional, etc.Let us estimate the phase composition of matter at different stages of the development of the Universe.Let X be the dynamic weight part of the Universe, then for a state of K phases we write:  X+KX+K2X+K3X+…+KK-1X=1; those. X= (K-1)/(KK-1).When K=3, X+3X+9X=1; X3≈8%. Based on estimates of modern cosmology, for time intervals Tk we have:T3=30 billion years; T2=90 billion years; T1=180 billion years; T4=7.5 billion years; T5=1.5 billion years...; T = ∑Tk ≈ 310 billion years.The AIM+ model assumes the return of the emitted atoms of the DFK –chain to the point of their departure, with the formation of two interacting subsystems in the AIM model.

SESSION:MedicinePoster	2ND INTL. SYMP. ON TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS IN MEDICINE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov to 1 Dec, 2023

[MedicinePoster1] SPAD-CARE: SEMI-PERMANENT ACCESS DEVICE CARE
Mª Inés Corcuera Martínez ¹ ; Marta Ferraz Torres ¹ ; Jesús Daniel Trigo Vilaseca ² ; Ana María Díez Revilla ¹ ; Ruth Plaza Unzue ¹ ; Mikel Díaz Noain ¹ ; José Javier Astrain Escola ² ; Luis Javier Serrano Arriezu ² ; ¹Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; ²Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain;
Paper Id: 147 [Abstract]

a) Introduction:In 2015, the Hospital Complex of Navarre adhered to the “Best Practices Spotlight Organizations” (BPSO®) project by implementing the guide of good practices "Care and maintenance of vascular accesses to reduce complications".[1] The goal was to implement and improve nursing care strategies for Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (PICC) based on the latest available evidence. The implantation of a PICC is part of the treatment of choice in oncological processes, being this a long-lasting device that ensures useful venous access, both for the administration of treatment and for obtaining blood samples [2]. However, it is not without potential complications. In the case of the PICC, the main risks are thrombosis and infection [3]), the prevalence of the latter varying between 1.3% and 13.9%, according to various studies [4-6]. To do so, specific nurse training was necessary. However, due to the high mobility of patients and professionals, traditional training was not enough. Currently, there is widespread use of mobile devices and a growing interest by health professionals in leveraging smartphone applications as a means of conducting health behavioral interventions [7-9].HYPOTHESIS The use of the SPAD-CARE app as a training method and resource for validating the status of the venous access and device, both for professionals and patients and/or relatives of PICC carriers, will reduce the main complications derived from them: phlebitis and thrombosis. , as well as accidental removal.b) MethodThere was a need to design and develop an application (APP) for smartphones and tablets, referred to as SPAD-CARE (from Semi-Permanent Access Device CARE), which facilitates untrained professionals, patients and family members to carry out the necessary care of the patients’ PICC safely. technology. The patients were informed and accepted an informed consent to perform the tests. The applicability of the APP will be assessed through a quasi-experimental study with a control group (CG) with the management, monitoring and traditional care of these devices; comparing with an intervention group (IG) composed of a sample of adult patients (>18 years) with PICC whose care has been provided and recorded using the APP. The variables to be compared will be measured with the same definition and exhaustiveness for both groups. As inclusion criteria, all patients with a long-term PICC will be included; inserted by the nurses of the intravenous therapy unit (UTI) of the Hospital Universitario de Navarra and whose use is expected for at least one month; in patients of legal age (>18 years), who have given their written consent to be included in the study, agree to the use of the APP and wish to complete the study. As exclusion criteria, all those patients with limitations in the management of digital resources, APPs or the absence of a smartphone-type mobile device were ignored to form part of the study. In addition, informed consent will be requested from both groups to access their clinical history. for the collection of sociodemographic information and on aspects related to their disease process. Each patient who accepts the use of the APP will be registered in the SPAD-CARE web manager, assigning a user number and a password, which will be provided after inserting the PICC.c) ResultsSPAD-CARE leverages the user's smartphone to identify the access device and validate it in the information system. All actions performed on the specific access device are documented, accredited, and conveniently stored in the information system. Once authenticated, the APP guides the user in the care of the catheter in sterile conditions following the procedure of the health care center. By the date of the congress, it is expected to have a proof of concept of the APP and to have performed X tests with real patients.d) Discussion & ConclusionThe application of new technologies in the field of PICC could be a great advance for both professionals and patients, since it would help untrained professionals and empower patients, family members or caregivers in the proper management of them.

SESSION:ModellingPoster	18TH INTL. SYMP. ON MULTISCALE & MULTIPHYSICS MODELLING OF 'COMPLEX' MATERIAL
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov to 1 Dec, 2023

[ModellingPoster1] MULTISCALE ANALYSIS OF A NUCLEAR MATERIAL FOR MECHANICAL AND FRACTURE STRESSES
Ramana Pidaparti ¹ ; ¹University of Georgia, Athens, United States;
Paper Id: 142 [Abstract]

Nuclear materials such as duplex structural stainless steels (DP) are highly corrosion-resistant and are being used in chemical, petrochemical, marine, power generation, and nuclear industries due to their unique properties. These materials microstructures involve austenite (γ)-ferrite (δ) compositions and processing routes and lead to variety of mechanical and fracture properties. To better understand the mechanical behavior of these materials, we developed a dual phase material model from the binary image source data and conducted multiscale analysis.  In the first level, the material properties of phases were homogenized using law mixture and elastic stress and strain field’s contour plots were examined. Further, analysis with 3D model constructed from selected sections was also completed and the results were compared. The results obtained from 3D model showed marginal change while compared with 2D FEA results. It was also observed from the results that the elastic stress and strain fields were influenced by the different phases. Hence, this micro/macro mechanics analysis of nuclear material from the image data could be of the fast and reliable methodology to investigate the performance of material considering their microstructure. The results obtained from this multiscale analysis will be presented at the conference.

SESSION:ModellingMaterialsPoster	MODELLING, MATERIALS & PROCESSES INTERDISCIPLINARY SYMPOSIUM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov to 1 Dec, 2023

[ModellingMaterialsPoster1] DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF GATING SYSTEM CAST IRON WHEEL CASTINGS
Peter Futas ¹ ; Alena Pribulova ² ; Jozef Petrik ³ ; Peter Blasko ⁴ ; Andrea Junakova ⁵ ; Vladimir Sabik ⁶ ; Marcela Pokusova ⁷ ; ¹Technical U. of Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia; ²Technical U. in Kosice, Kosice, ; ³Technical university of Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia (Slovak Republic); ⁴Technical university of Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia; ⁵Magneti Marelli Slovakia, Kechnec, Slovakia (Slovak Republic); ⁶Technical university of Košice, Kosice, Slovakia; ⁷Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovenia;
Paper Id: 1 [Abstract]

The resulting quality of the casting is largely influenced by the way the mold is filled. The majority of foundry defects arise as a result of an incorrect gating and feedering system. The task of the gating system is to fill the cavity of the mold at such a speed and in such a place as to ensure directed solidification, minimize oxidation, and entrainment of air, gases, and other non-metallic inclusions inside the casting. The correct construction and opening of the gating system has a great influence on the use of liquid metal and thus on the costs associated with its production. Graphical simulation programs help a modern foundry to optimize the casting process. The goal was to design different types of gating systems with different numbers of castings in a mold with a vertical parting plane for casting on an automatic molding line in a Slovak foundry. These designs were compared with the real situation in the given foundry on a specific casting, and the main goal was to optimize the gating system and the use of liquid metal. Three types of sprue systems with different numbers of castings in the mold were designed. The 3D design of the casting and gating systems was designed in the Solidworks 2015 software, and casting simulations were realized in the MAGMA5 software.

[ModellingMaterialsPoster2] DECARBONIZATION OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY PROCESSES OF NON-FERROUS METALS BY THE INTRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN AS A REDUCING AGENT
Ana Cecilia Rios Porfirio Ferreira ¹ ; Paulo Assis ² ; ¹Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Buxtehude, Germany; ²UFOP, Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil;
Paper Id: 43 [Abstract]

The achievement of COP-21 targets is of utmost importance in addressing global climate change concerns. The metal industry, a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions, accounts for approximately 7.9% of direct process application emissions. Notably, the production of non-ferrous metals such as nickel, cobalt, and copper contributes substantially to these emissions. For instance, nickel production yields approximately 13 t CO2 emissions per ton produced, cobalt can reach as high as 28 tons of CO2 emissions per ton produced, and copper results in around 3 tons of CO2 emissions per ton produced. The copper industry alone accounts for 0.2% to 0.3% of global CO2 emissions. To address this challenge, the use of hydrogen as a reducing agent in extractive metallurgical processes emerges is perceived as a promising mitigation to reduce the carbon footprint of these metals, provided that the hydrogen is produced through renewable sources of energy. Adopting hydrogen as a clean alternative holds significant potential in mitigating the environmental impact and facilitating the energy transition through this leading metals. This article investigates the reduction in carbon source consumption during the production of non-ferrous metals, focusing on the use of hydrogen as a substitute for coal and natural gas in the extractive metallurgy of cobalt, nickel, and copper. These metals play a crucial role in the energy transition. The key objectives of this study are to explore possible approaches for introducing hydrogen in the extractive metallurgy routes of these leading metals. To achieve these objectives, the research employs a multi-faceted methodology. Initially, existing production processes are thoroughly mapped and analyzed to identify those heavily reliant on carbon sources. Subsequently, stoichiometric and thermodynamic aspects are studied and designed to understand the potential introduction of hydrogen as a reducing agent. The reaction kinetics and morphologies are investigated, allowing for the observation of key characteristics. Additionally, potential benefits and risks associated with the proposed change are raised and assessed. The main findings highlight the physical and chemical feasibility of using hydrogen to facilitate reduction reactions in the extractive metallurgy of nickel, cobalt, and copper. However, the primary challenge lies in effectively controlling these reactions, necessitating precise operational adjustments and physical modifications to furnaces and dosing points. The analysis of reaction kinetics and morphologies emphasizes the importance of robustness in achieving the desired transformation of extractive metallurgy processes. In conclusion, this study successfully elaborates on approaches for introducing hydrogen as a substitute for carbon sources in the extractive metallurgy of key non-ferrous metals. The findings indicate the technical feasibility of the reduction reactions while emphasizing the need for meticulous control. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts in the energy transition and promotes environmentally friendly practices in the production of non-ferrous metals.

SESSION:MoltenPoster	9TH INTL. SYMP. ON SUSTAINABLE MOLTEN SALT, IONIC & GLASS-FORMING LIQUIDS & POWDERED MATERIALS
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov to 1 Dec, 2023

[MoltenPoster1] ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MOLTEN (LICL-KCL)EUT. - PBCL2 MIXTURES
Alexei Potapov ¹ ; Alexander Salyulev ¹ ; ¹Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 102 [Abstract]

For the first time the electrical conductivity of 13 compositions of (3LiCl-2KCl) - PbCl2 molten mixtures has been measured. The measurements were carried out at the temperatures of 631-994 K in the concentration range of 0-100 mol. % with the increment of ~ 10 mol. % PbCl2 using capillary quartz cells with platinum electrodes [1] and the AC-bridge method at the input frequency of 75 kHz.
The electrical conductivity of all melts increased smoothly with temperature and decreased as the concentration of PbCl2 increased. Its deviations from the additive course did not exceed 3.5% at 750 K and 8% at 950 K. The maximum deviations are located near the PbCl2 concentrations of 30–40 mol. %. The specific electrical conductivity (κ, S/cm) of several molten mixtures is exemplified below:
κ = -5.1439 + 1.2565*10-2T - 4.5503*10-6T2 , (632-988 K) 4 mol.% PbCl2;
κ = -4.3114 + 1.0750*10-2T - 3.8926*10-6T2 , (662-976 K) 30 mol.% PbCl2;
κ = -4.9041 + 1.1759*10-2T - 4.4114*10-6T2 , (684-920 K) 70 mol.% PbCl2.
The density, molar volumes and molar conductivity of all studied molten mixtures were calculated. Relative deviations of molar volumes from additive values decreased with increasing temperature. The maximum deviations were observed at the PbCl2 concentration of about 20 mol. % (3.8% at 773 K and 2.9% at 923 K).
When PbCl2 is added to the LiCl-KCl melt, the divalent lead cation forms complex groups with chlorine anions that are somewhat stronger than the lithium cation. However, the difference between the ionic moments of Li+ and Pb2+ is small. Relatively free and mobile K+ ions are located in the second coordination sphere. The molar electrical conductivity polytherms of molten mixtures (3LiCl-2KCl) - PbCl2 are almost rectilinear over the entire concentration range, which also indicates a rather weak interaction in the system.
The data on electrical conductivity and molar volumes of the (3LiCl-2KCl) - PbCl2 melts are compared with those earlier obtained in our studies on the (3LiCl-2KCl) - CdCl2 [2] and (3LiCl-2KCl) - SrCl2 molten mixtures [3]. The results are discussed in terms of the structure of these melts.

[MoltenPoster2] ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MOLTEN (LICL-KCL)EUT. - ZRCL4 MIXTURES
Alexei Potapov ¹ ; Alexander Salyulev ¹ ; ¹Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 110 [Abstract]

To perfect the technological processes of electrodeposition and electrorefining of zirconium, information on the electrical conductivity of ZrCl4 solutions in molten alkali metal chlorides is needed. Most of ZrCl4-containing melts have a high vapor pressure and, hence, are not suitable for industrial applications. Only two concentration windows in each MCl-ZrCl4 system (M is an alkali metal) are suitable. These are the high and low temperature ranges with 0-30 or 55-70 mol. %; ZrCl4, respectively, where the vapor pressure above the melt is less than 1 atm. Previously, we carried out a series of experiments on the study of the electrical conductivity of such melts [1–4].
In this work, for the first time the electrical conductivity of molten mixtures (LiCl-KCl)eut.-ZrCl4 have been measured in the ZrCl4 concentration range of 0-30 mol. %; and in a wide temperature range (652–1075 K). The measurements were carried out in a capillary-type quartz cell of a special design [5]. The use of a low-melting solvent (LiCl-KCl eutectic) made it possible to significantly (by hundreds of degrees) lower the melting temperature and, accordingly, the saturation vapor pressure of molten mixtures.
It was found that the electrical conductivity of molten mixtures (LiCl-KCl)eut.-ZrCl4 (0.9-2.8 S/cm) is close to the electrical conductivity of high-temperature ZrCl4 melts with the same concentration of chlorides of various alkali metals (0.6-3.5 S/cm). We studied these melts earlier [3, 4]. The obtained values of electrical conductivity are much higher than the electrical conductivity of low-melting, more concentrated (55–75 mol.%; ZrCl4) molten mixtures (0.1–0.5 S/cm) [1, 2].
The experimental results are discussed taking into account the available spectroscopic data on the structure of ZrCl4-containing molten mixtures. In particular, it was noted that with an increase in the concentration of ZrCl4, the concentration of its relatively low-mobile complex groups ZrCl62- increases proportionally. In this complex, all 6 chloride ions are strongly bound to the tetravalent zirconium cation. This leads to a decrease in the concentration of the main current carriers: K+, Li+, Cl– and to a decrease in the electrical conductivity of the melts.
The liquidus line in the (LiCl-KCl)eut.-ZrCl4 quasi-binary system has been constructed for the first time.

[MoltenPoster3] VOLATILITY OF SATURATED VAPOR COMPONENTS OF MOLTEN MIXTURES UCL4 –MCL (M - ALKALI METAL)
Alexei Potapov ¹ ; Alexander Salyulev ¹ ; ¹Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 111 [Abstract]

The volatility of the components of molten mixtures of uranium tetrachloride with alkali metal chlorides UCl4-MCl (MCl = Cs, Rb, K, Na, Li and Na-K (1:1)), containing from 2 to 50 mol. % UCl4 were measured in the temperature range of 800-1200 K using the transpiration technique [1-3]. In vapors over molten UCl4–MCl mixtures, monomeric (MCl and UCl4) and dimeric (M2Cl2) molecules of alkali metal and uranium chlorides, as well as complex molecules of the MUCl5 type predominate. The dissolution of UCl4 in molten alkali metal chlorides is accompanied by the complex formation, which manifests itself in a sharp decrease in the volatility of uranium tetrachloride and its content in saturated vapors. The strength of the complex chloride anions, formed in the melts (U3Cl142-, U2Cl102-, UCl62-, UCl73-), increases significantly as the concentration of UCl4 decreases; in a series of solvent salts from LiCl to CsCl and as temperature decrease. As a result, the volatility of UCl4 in the composition of all gaseous compounds over its solutions in ionic melts varies over a very wide range. It has been established that at 973-1173 K the volatility of UCl4 in UCl4-LiCl melts decreases by about 330-260 times as the concentration of UCl4 in melts decreases from 50 to 2 mol. %. Under the same conditions, the volatility of UCl4 in UCl4–CsCl melts decreases by a factor of approximately 180,000–20,000. At lower temperatures, volatility decreases faster. An increase in the radius of cations in the series from Li+ to Cs+ reduces their counterpolarizing effect on chlorine anions, which are a part of the U(IV) chlorocomplex groups, which are strengthened in this case. Other things being equal (temperature and concentration), the complexes strengthening leads to a decrease in the volatility of UCl4 by 3700–340 from its dilute (2 mol.%) solutions and by a factor of 7–5 from concentrated (50 mol.%) ones in molten alkali metal chlorides at 973-1173 K. It has been established that the dependence of the logarithm of the UCl4 volatility on the reciprocals of the effective ionic radii of alkali cations is almost linear. This makes it possible to estimate the volatility of uranium tetrachloride from its not yet studied solutions in molten mixtures of alkali metal chlorides, using the weighted average radius of monovalent cations as the effective ionic radius.

[MoltenPoster4] ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF (NH4)2TIF6 AND NH4BF4 IN CARBAMIDE MELTS
Sergei Devyatkin ¹ ; Peixia Yang ² ; Fan Meng ¹ ; ¹Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China; ²Kharbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China;
Paper Id: 348 [Abstract]

Carbamide melts have found applications as electrolytes for electrochemical treatment of metals [1, 2]. The possibility of electrochemical synthesis of refractory compounds from carbamide melts at 135°С has been examined for Ti-B as an example. In the binary system (NH2)2CO–(NH4)2TiF6 a new process, which is more electropositive than the decomposition of carbamide has been observed. The scan rate independence of potential characterizes the observed processes as reversible charge transfer. This process corresponds to the one-electron irreversible charge exchange: Ti(IV)/Ti(III). In the binary system (NH2)2CO–NH4BF4 only the decomposition of carbamide has been observed. In the ternary system (NH2)2CO–(NH4)2TiF6–NH4BF4 a new process, which is more electropositive than the decomposition of carbamide and more electronegative than the one-electron charge exchange: Ti(IV)/Ti(III) has been observed. This process corresponds to the electrochemical synthesis of Ti-B compound. Micron coatings of titanium boride have been obtained on nickel and stainless steel by the electrolysis from a (NH2)2CO–(NH4)2TiF6–NH4BF4 melt at 135°C at current densities of 10-20 mA/cm2

SESSION:RecyclingPoster	9TH INTL. SYMP. ON SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS RECYCLING PROCESSES & PRODUCTS
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov to 1 Dec, 2023

[RecyclingPoster1] FOUNDRY WASTE OR SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS?
Alena Pribulova ¹ ; Peter Futas ² ; Patrik Fedorko ³ ; Jozef Petrik ⁴ ; Peter Blasko ⁵ ; Marcela Pokusova ⁶ ; ¹Technical U. in Kosice, Kosice, ; ²Technical U. of Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia; ³Technical university, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Kosice, Slovakia; ⁴Technical university of Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia (Slovak Republic); ⁵Technical university of Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia; ⁶Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovenia;
Paper Id: 131 [Abstract]

According to the Waste Act, a waste is something that the owner wants to get rid of, or the removal of which is necessary from the point of view of caring for a healthy environment. The term secondary raw material is not defined in the legislation, but it is commonly used in practice [1]. It is a raw material that is obtained from waste by various procedures, i.e. it is created by human activity, which distinguishes it from primary raw material that was created by natural processes without human intervention. The condition for treating treated waste to be called a secondary raw material is that there is a demand for it and that it is traded on the producer's side. Foundry production is accompanied by the creation of a large amount of waste. At each stage of casting production, different types of waste are generated in different quantities. The largest amount of waste is used foundry sand, followed by various fine-grained wastes that arise during melting, preparation of moulding materials, production of moulds and cores, and during processing and blasting of castings [2]. Another important foundry waste is the slag that is created during melting in any furnace equipment. The current situation in Europe is "pushing" the producers of these wastes to reduce their amount. One possibility is waste recycling [3,4]. Most foundry waste cannot be directly recycled, but with certain modifications, they become secondary raw materials that can be used primarily in construction, agriculture, and partially also in foundries. This contribution analyses the waste generated in the foundry process and points out the possibilities of their treatment and further use.