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SIPS 2024 takes place from October 20 - 24, 2024 at the Out of the Blue Resort in Crete, Greece

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Abstract Submission Open! More than 500 abstracts submitted from over 50 countries


Featuring many Nobel Laureates and other Distinguished Guests

List of abstracts

As of 05/10/2024: (Alphabetical Order)

Leuenberger International Symposium on Pharmaceutical Sciences and Industrial Applications for Sustainable Development

To be Updated with new approved abstracts

AEROGELS – NEW DELIVERY SYSTEMS, MODELING
Natalia Menshutina1;
1Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation;
sips24_73_408

Over the past few years, aerogels have shown great promise as delivery systems for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Aerogels are nanostructured materials with high surface area, high porosity and low density. The unique properties of aerogels provide the opportunity to incorporate various substances to obtain pharmaceutical compositions with modified release kinetics. Drug delivery systems based on aerogels provide a rapid onset of the therapeutic effect, high stability of the drug and improved bioavailability. This is due to the fact that the API is in an amorphous state in the pores of the aerogel, the average pore diameter ranges from 5 to 20 nm.

Particle-shaped aerogels are promising as nasal or inhaled drug delivery systems [1,2]. Aerogel particles can be of different sizes, for example from 2 to 50 μm, depending on the aerodynamic diameter requirements. The distinctive advantages of drug delivery systems based on biopolymer aerogels include biocompatibility, biodegradability, high mucoadhesive properties and high permeability. The successful implementation of APIs such as ibuprofen, rifabutin, loratadine, tryptophan, melatonin, clomipramine, neuropeptide Y and delta-sleep-inducing peptide into biopolymer aerogels has been successfully shown [1-5]. Experiments conducted on rats showed that API appears in the brain within 10 minutes when administered nasally, which is especially important for stroke and other dangerous diseases.

Research into the development of aerogels as drug delivery systems is accompanied by modeling to develop an in silico approach. The multiscale model approach to the creation of nasal and inhalant forms has been successfully developed [6,7]. It includes:
1 – modeling the kinetics of API release from particles in the nasal cavity (dissolution in nasal fluid) or the trachea-bronchi-lungs respiratory system;
2 – CFD modeling of particle flight and their deposition in the human nasal cavity and lungs;
3 – design of inhalers or dosing systems that ensure delivery of dry sprays to the desired location;
4 – design and 3D printing of devices that allow us to confirm calculations and study the processes of particle deposition in the nasal cavity.

At the first stage, a cellular automata approach is used, which allows modeling the transport process and the kinetics of API release from porous microparticles of biopolymer aerogels, both in the nasal cavity and in the lungs, at the nano- and microlevels [7].

The second stage uses CFD modeling (ANSYS software package, etc.), which is a promising approach in the development of innovative nasal and inhalation drug delivery systems. Combining CFD modeling with the results of medical data processing (CT and MRI) makes it possible to accurately predict the deposition zones of drug particles in various parts of the human respiratory system depending on the particle size [6].

Keywords:
Aerogels; Drug delivery systems; Active pharmaceutical ingredients; Mathematical modeling


References:
[1] Lovskaya D.D., et al. Preparation of Protein Aerogel Particles for the Development of Innovative Drug Delivery Systems. Gels. 2022. 8(12). № 765. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8120765
[2] Menshitina N.V., et al. Chitosan Aerogel Particles as Nasal Drug Delivery Systems. Gels. 2022. 8(12). №796. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8120796
[3] Lovskaya D.D., Menshitina N.V. Alginate-Based Aerogel Particles as Drug Delivery Systems: Investigation of the Supercritical Adsorption and In Vitro Evaluations. Materials. 2020. 13(2). №329. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020329
[4] Lovskaya D.D., Lebedev A.E., Menshitina N.V. Aerogels as drug delivery systems: In vitro and in vivo evaluations. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 2015. 106. 115-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2015.07.011
[5] Menshitina N.V., et al. Biopolymer Aerogels as Nasal Drug Delivery Systems. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2023. 17(7). 1507-1518.
[6] Menshutina N.V., Abramov A., Mokhova E. Mathematical and Computer Modeling as a Novel Approach for the Accelerated Development of New Inhalation and Intranasal Drug Delivery Systems. Computation. 2023. 11(7). №136. 1-23 https://doi.org/10.3390/computation11070136
[7] Lebedev I., Uvarova A., Menshutina N. Information-Analytical Software for Developing Digital Models of Porous Structures’ Materials Using a Cellular Automata Approach. Technologies. 2024. 12(1). №1. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12010001



ASEPTIC SPRAY FREEZE DRYING AS A TOOL FOR SUPPLY CHAIN FLEXIBILISATION
Matthias Plitzko1;
1Meridion Technologies GmbH, Müllheim, Germany;
sips24_73_341_FS

Spray Freeze Drying (SFD) is an innovative lyophilization technology that is now entering industrial applications in lab, pilot and manufacturing scale for aseptic processing in pharmaceutical applications, as well as for the areas of medical devices, diagnostics and fine chemicals. 

SFD applies the bulkware concept from solid dosage form processing to the area of aseptic freeze drying. It yields in highly homogeneous, free flowing bulkware which can be stored and accurately dosed. Filling is done after lyophilization, with a high degree of flexibility regarding dosing, primary packaging device design and unit number. 
Accordingly, the supply chain becomes highly flexible and allows for patient centricity by even providing personalized medication, but also by bringing the required medication to the market or patient very fast. 

In addition, product innovation potential is achieved by e.g. enabling to process high solid concentrations up to 40%, with still fast reconstitution characteristics of the lyophilized product. Furthermore, it allows for combinatory products by filling the various lyophilized compounds as required. 

Many approaches have been taken to freeze material into particles for subsequent drying under cold condition. From dripping liquids directly into liquid nitrogen [1] to spraying in an cold air flow [2, 3]. 

The bulk freeze drying process can be carried out at atmospheric pressure (e.g. in a fluidized bed), in conventional freeze-dryers as a layer in trays, which are positioned on the shelfs or as shown here in a dynamic system with continous mixing to provide effecient mass and heat transfer. Drying at atmospheric pressure is feasible in lab scale but have been failing so far in the scale-up due to, in the frozen state, low glass transition temperature  (Tg'). Vacuum freeze drying seems to be the gold standard. While tray freeze drying requires a lot of manual handling, which is especially difficult in the light of the recently published Annex 1 of the GMP guideline [4], dynamic freeze drying offers a contained processing with nearly no manual interference.required.

Keywords:
Spray freeze drying; Manufacturing Flexibility; Supply chain; Lyophilization; Freeze-drying


References:
[1] Amoro E, Vanmackere K, White MA, Apparatus and method for crygranulating a pharmaceutical composition. United States Patent 859-32-B2, 2013
[2] Malecki GJ, Shinde P, Morgan AI, Farkas DF, Atmospheric fluidized bed freeze drying, Food technology 24: 601-603
[3] Leuenberger H, Plitzko M, Puchkov M, Spray freeze drying in a fluidized bed at normal and low pressure. Drying Technology 2006;24(6):711-9
[4] European Medicines Agency. (2023). Annex 1: Manufacture of Sterile Medicinal Products. In EudraLex - Volume 4 - Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines (4th ed.). Retrieved from https://www.ema.europa.eu



“SHOULD I INVEST IN PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES OR START-UPS?”
Keith Simpson1;
1Ksimpson Investments LLC, Lady Lake, United States;
sips24_73_83

Deciding to invest in any company/ business requires that you educate yourself so that you know as much as possible prior to committing your capital and time. 

We will discuss a process to determine if an investment in either an existing pharmaceutical company or start-up is a viable choice based on your time horizon, goals, and expectations. We will discuss the importance of the management’s goals, the company’s financial situation and the time needed to realize your goal for the investment.

The goal of the discussion is to give you some of the tools needed, so that you can determine for yourself if the investment makes sense for your individual situation,

You will be able to decide for yourself whether you want to invest the time to do the research or to hire a professional to research your options. 

Keywords:
Risk tolerance; Assessment of financial situation; Long, and short-term goals



CLEAN GOLD MINING A PREREQUISITE IN A SUSTAINABLE WORLD: FAIRTRADE, ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
Daniel Ricardo Salazar Montero1;
1Los Andes University, Neiva, Colombia;
sips24_73_69_FS

Natural and social sciences are based on providing human beings with tools for sustainable living. According to Professor Hans Leuenberger[1], all sciences are related in the sense that they promote sustainability over time. In this context, the geosciences provide a wealth of knowledge about the past, present and future. Similarly, in geoscience, percolation theory is as important as in pharmaceutical sciences. One branch of the geosciences is mining, which provides human beings with economic, commercial and knowledge benefits. Well-managed mining is an activity that can provide countries with important economic resources. Fair trade promotes the sustainable development of states. Within fair trade, the correct mining of gold stands out, since this metal is linked to the growth and economic development of nations. Gold is one of the most desired mineral elements throughout history. It confers status, is synonymous with power, wealth and future aspirations. Economically successful countries base their financial stability on the gold reserves they have in their respective national banks. Therefore, it must be recognized that gold has many powers for the growth and sustainability of a country. As we have seen, for any country, gold mining is part of a fundamental economic and productive line of business. According to Professor Hans Leuenberger, all areas and human interactions must respect scientific integrity and integrity of data[1]. In the case of gold mining, as in the production of pharmaceuticals, there is regulation. Each country has a respective legal framework that establishes the conditions under which the mineral can be extracted. In order to grant a mining title to a company, minimum legal and ethical standards must be met, which can be divided into two phases: pre-extraction and post-extraction. In the first phase, the company will commit to submit all the corresponding information to the national mining authority to obtain the exploitation permit, i.e.: geological, geophysical, petrophysical and geochemical studies of the subsoil, the estimated time of duration and the probable amount of material to be extracted. During this phase a win-win situation is established between the mining company and the state, where the company can extract the gold without inconvenience and the state receives economic compensation. The second phase comprises the rehabilitation of the exploitation area, where, the mining company must try to restore the area, through processes that include the reforestation of native species, in order to mitigate the environmental damages[2]. Similarly, another type of compensation made by the company with a strong ethical code is towards the local community, through programs focused on social and community investment. On the other hand, there is another type of gold mining that does not comply with the scientific, ethical or data integrity; this is informal mining, which is carried out by some communities due to economic need and the lack of social investment, education and job opportunities. Also, a phenomenon that increases informal gold mining is the pressure exerted by criminal groups. However, in this context there are alternatives for families that depend on informal or artisanal mining to survive. An example of this occurs in Peru, where some groups of artisanal and small-scale miners are accredited by the Fairtrade International Organization[3] in the fairtrade of gold. This certification includes support for small-scale mining groups in the sense that they promote the correct extraction of gold with incentives such as improvement in working conditions, occupational safety and health. With respect to occupational health and safety of workers, Fairtrade certified mining organizations must comply with a set of criteria[4] including: the use of personal protection elements in accordance with the nature of the mine, the submission of a safety report by a competent authority, access to information and basic training in health and safety for all miners as well as the main risks and hazards and regular medical check-ups for all mine workers. The organization also supports miners in acquiring legal status and provides them with fair treatment for the difficult work they perform. Financially, Fairtrade offers the miner a minimum price for the gold extracted, which is equivalent to 95 percent of the price set by the benchmark London Bullion Market as well as a premium of two thousand dollars per kilogram of gold sold, which can be invested in local development projects, environmental protection or community care[3]. Therefore, the work done in Peru with gold mining is an example to follow worldwide, showing that there are viable alternatives for artisanal miners to be better remunerated and thus small-scale gold mining becomes more environmentally friendly for a more sustainable world.

Keywords:
Gold; gold mining; ethic code; fairtrade; environmental sustainability


References:
[1] Leuenberger, H. Business Ethics in the Pharmaceutical Industry and Beyond. In: SWISS PHARMA, 2021. Vol. 43, p. 19-29.
[2] Giraldo, J. Muñoz, J. 2012, Informality and Illegality in gold and wood exploitation in Antioquia. Medellin: Eafit University.
[3] Fairtrade International. Gold and precious metals [internet], available at https://www.fairtrade.net/product/gold
[4] Flocert. Public Compliance Criteria ASMO -2.4 [internet], available at https://www.flocert.net/how-to-join-fairtrade/



CLEAN GOLD MINING A PREREQUISITE IN A SUSTAINABLE WORLD: FAIRTRADE, ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
Daniel Ricardo Salazar Montero1;
1Los Andes University, Neiva, Colombia;
sips24_73_379

Natural and social sciences are based on providing human beings with tools for sustainable living. According to Professor Hans Leuenberger[1], all sciences are related in the sense that they promote sustainability over time. In this context, the geosciences provide a wealth of knowledge about the past, present and future. Similarly, in geoscience, percolation theory is as important as in pharmaceutical sciences. One branch of the geosciences is mining, which provides human beings with economic, commercial and knowledge benefits. Well-managed mining is an activity that can provide countries with important economic resources. Fair trade promotes the sustainable development of states. Within fair trade, the correct mining of gold stands out, since this metal is linked to the growth and economic development of nations. Gold is one of the most desired mineral elements throughout history. It confers status, is synonymous with power, wealth and future aspirations. Economically successful countries base their financial stability on the gold reserves they have in their respective national banks. Therefore, it must be recognized that gold has many powers for the growth and sustainability of a country. As we have seen, for any country, gold mining is part of a fundamental economic and productive line of business. According to Professor Hans Leuenberger, all areas and human interactions must respect scientific integrity and integrity of data[1]. In the case of gold mining, as in the production of pharmaceuticals, there is regulation. Each country has a respective legal framework that establishes the conditions under which the mineral can be extracted. In order to grant a mining title to a company, minimum legal and ethical standards must be met, which can be divided into two phases: pre-extraction and post-extraction. In the first phase, the company will commit to submit all the corresponding information to the national mining authority to obtain the exploitation permit, i.e.: geological, geophysical, petrophysical and geochemical studies of the subsoil, the estimated time of duration and the probable amount of material to be extracted. During this phase a win-win situation is established between the mining company and the state, where the company can extract the gold without inconvenience and the state receives economic compensation. The second phase comprises the rehabilitation of the exploitation area, where, the mining company must try to restore the area, through processes that include the reforestation of native species, in order to mitigate the environmental damages[2]. Similarly, another type of compensation made by the company with a strong ethical code is towards the local community, through programs focused on social and community investment. On the other hand, there is another type of gold mining that does not comply with the scientific, ethical or data integrity; this is informal mining, which is carried out by some communities due to economic need and the lack of social investment, education and job opportunities. Also, a phenomenon that increases informal gold mining is the pressure exerted by criminal groups. However, in this context there are alternatives for families that depend on informal or artisanal mining to survive. An example of this occurs in Peru, where some groups of artisanal and small-scale miners are accredited by the Fairtrade International Organization[3] in the fairtrade of gold. This certification includes support for small-scale mining groups in the sense that they promote the correct extraction of gold with incentives such as improvement in working conditions, occupational safety and health. With respect to occupational health and safety of workers, Fairtrade certified mining organizations must comply with a set of criteria[4] including: the use of personal protection elements in accordance with the nature of the mine, the submission of a safety report by a competent authority, access to information and basic training in health and safety for all miners as well as the main risks and hazards and regular medical check-ups for all mine workers. The organization also supports miners in acquiring legal status and provides them with fair treatment for the difficult work they perform. Financially, Fairtrade offers the miner a minimum price for the gold extracted, which is equivalent to 95 percent of the price set by the benchmark London Bullion Market as well as a premium of two thousand dollars per kilogram of gold sold, which can be invested in local development projects, environmental protection or community care[3]. Therefore, the work done in Peru with gold mining is an example to follow worldwide, showing that there are viable alternatives for artisanal miners to be better remunerated and thus small-scale gold mining becomes more environmentally friendly for a more sustainable world.

Keywords:
Gold; Gold mining; Ethic code; fairtrade; environmental sustainability


References:
[1] Leuenberger, H. Business Ethics in the Pharmaceutical Industry and Beyond. In: SWISS PHARMA, 2021. Vol. 43, p. 19-29.
[2] Giraldo, J. Muñoz, J. 2012, Informality and Illegality in gold and wood exploitation in Antioquia. Medellin: Eafit University.
[3] Fairtrade International. Gold and precious metals [internet], available at https://www.fairtrade.net/product/gold
[4] Flocert. Public Compliance Criteria ASMO -2.4 [internet], available at https://www.flocert.net/how-to-join-fairtrade/



DRAWBACKS TO HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY FROM LARGE SCALE OVERFERTILIZING WITH NITROGEN-BASED SYNTHETIC FERTILIZERS
François Comunetti1; Fred Provenza2;
14 Winds Farm, Havre, United States; 2Utah State University, Logan, United States;
sips24_73_274

The fossil fuel-intensive Haber-Bosch process, developed in the early 1900s by Fritz Haber and later modified for commercial production by Carl Bosch, uses natural gas to turn atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia to make nitrogen (N) fertilizers. Industrial agriculture uses N fertilizers to grow crops without manure from livestock, a process that has adversely affected food chains globally. During the past century, the use of synthetic N fertilizers has increased 20-fold while the nutrient content of produce in supermarkets has dropped by 10-50%. Research in New Zealand shows that an excess of 45 kg N-unit/ha adversely impacts the return/cost/quality ratio of crop and feed production. Applications of 200 kg N unit /ha are common in the U.S. Midwest and many other industrial countries. 

Contrary to the popular belief that the green revolution increased human health, wealth and populations, the increased yields from synthetic fertilizers in agriculture have caused many problems, which took time to manifest and accept. Use of synthetic N fertilizers has a major negative impact on the sustainability of soil, air, and water and the health of livestock and humans. The inability to use groundwater in some agricultural areas is mostly (approx. 70%) due to nitrates from synthetic N fertilizers. Ground water pollution by nitrates, and excessive nitrates in lettuce, are the tip of the iceberg. The chernozem soils of the Midwest U.S. lost 40% of their organic matter, which volatilized into GHG. Overuse of N fertilizers is a major concern for GHG: nitrous oxide (N2O) has a GWP 273 times that of CO2 for a 100-year timescale. Nitrogen fertilizer production uses large amounts of natural gas and some coal and can account for more than 50% of total energy use in commercial agriculture. Human health, especially in the U.S., is also affected. Record high yields of crops, only possible with synthetic N fertilizers, reduce nutrient content of grains:  80-90% of calories in the fast-food chains are provided by corn and soy. Most of the feed for livestock is also corn and soy. Low nutrient content in grain causes livestock and humans to overingest foods in a futile attempt to meet needs for nutrients in low concentrations.

Currently, in the United States only 4% of beef calves spend their entire lives eating phytochemically rich mixes of plants on pastures and rangelands where they were born and raised. The other 96% of calves are weaned, sold, and fattened in feedlots, under conditions that violate freedoms of animal welfare. They are moved from familiar to unfamiliar locations, which causes fear and distress. They dislike any food eaten too often or in excess, yet they are fed daily the same ration so high in grain they experience nausea which causes food aversions, stress, and distressThough individuals differ in preferences, they can’t self-select their diets, which violates their freedom to express normal behavior and avert distress and disease. These practices cause livestock to suffer various maladies, including chronic acidosis, oxidative and physiological stress, and other metabolic diseases not unlike people with metabolic syndrome, which is characterized by muscle mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and elevated levels of cortisol, blood glucose, and insulin. Livestock and people are sustained by the medical and pharmaceutical industries to counter horrific diets, lack of exercise, and stress. 

Conversely, due to their phytochemically rich diets and higher levels of physical activity, animals born, raised, and finished on farmlands and rangelands with diverse mixes of plant species have improved metabolic health. Their meat has higher levels of compounds that improve the health of livestock and humans, including polyphenols, tocopherols, carotene, and omega-3 fatty acids to name but a few.

Introducing livestock back into farming would eliminate the need for synthetic fertilizers, recreate a healthy nitrogen cycle, and reduce pollution from concentrated livestock feeding operations. These practices in the U.S. use 80% of antibiotics (70% medically important). Europe’s use of antibiotics for livestock is about half that in the U.S.  By consuming animal products (meat/dairy) that have been under regular prophylactic antibiotic treatment, as well as the increase of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics in livestock, and thus humans, the efficiency of antibiotics for human medical treatment is reduced.  Incorporating livestock into farming practices, and reducing N fertilizers, would improve the health of livestock, humans, and the environment; provide more nutrient-dense foods; regenerate agricultural soils; and reduce water contamination from nitrates.

Keywords:
Fertilizer; Livestock; Nitrogen



ENERGIZED STRUCTURED WATER, FREQUENCIES AND HEALTH EXAMPLE OF STRUCTURED WATER BASED BIOCIDE
Hassan Tarabishi1; Alhassan Hamad1; Hans George Breitmoser2;
1Somicon Industrial, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; 2Hyperdes Water Technology, Wörnitz, Germany;
sips24_73_391

Energized structured water (SW) consists of relative stable h-bonded cyclic rings with quasi-free electron swarm and readily available protons. Structured water (SW) in contact with hydrophilic biological surfaces, like cell or mitochondria membranes, proteins and DNA turns into biological structured water (BSW) or exclusion zone (EZ), adheres to the surface and is the main charge contributor due to its energized quasi-free electrons and adjacent proton +H or hydronium ion +H3O. Thus, playing a major rule in cell redox reactions, respiratory functions and in maintaining healthy cellular functions [1-5]. Negatively charged (SW) unexpectedly adheres to negatively charged lipid membrane surfaces and forms exclusion zone (EZ) [6]. According to Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) theory, resonance attraction forces (SW) is generated when coherent domains (CD) oscillate in phase with resonant waves emitted from the lipid membranes [7]. 

Aquaporins in cell and mitochondria membranes are more permeable for SW/BSW than liquid bulk water enhancing the functionality of mitochondria and cell [8-10]. Mitochondrial heat energy (53-54°C) equivalent to FIR of 10174 nm [11] is absorbed by BSW, increasing EZ layers and providing additional energized quasi-free electrons for cellular activities, acting like an energy store [12-13]. Near-infrared and red-light wavelengths, directly from the sun or indirectly through Schumann Resonance (SR) frequencies (7.8, 14.1, 20.3, 26.3 and 32.5 Hz) [11,14], has higher energy to penetrate the body and increase (EZ) layers in the cells. Interestingly, Schumann Resonance (SR) frequencies agree with the human brain electroencephalogram (EEG) frequencies. These waves can carry & transmit specific resonating information (EMF) to the coherent domains (CDs) in the hexagonal ring-layers of (BSW) initiating specific cellular functions similar to old radio receivers that use hexagonal silicon quartz crystal [15]. Furthermore, Dr. Luc Montagnier demonstrated that weak EMF at 7.8 Hz for 18 hours could transfer specific DNA (EMF) to SW in another tube, where DNA signals were detectable even at extreme dilutions, referred to as water memory (WM). This water, when exposed to specific DNA (EMF) digital acoustic files, can reproduce the same DNA strain in a PCR reactor, called Water Transduction (WT) [16-17]. Qi or Ki, transmitted by a trained person, through special breathing techniques by Nishino, in near-infrared wavelengths (0.8-2.7 µm), can manipulate muscle contraction and suppress cancer cell growth in vitro [18]. The explanation lies in the influence of NIF on (EZ) water in the cells. Water respiration (WR) energy theory is based on a cascade of redox reactions including reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is considered the main cause for age-related diseases. However, when superconductivity, a characteristic of BSW, is considered, redox reactions in vivo could occur at superconductive speeds without causing detectable (ROS) damages [19-23]. Along with BSW, cells require a four-fold excess of oxygen to prevent ROS accumulation injury [19]. Specific (EMF) wavelengths, such as infrared radiation energize BSW maintaining good O2 levels within cells.

Neutrophils inactivate pathogens through NADPH oxidase producing Radical Oxygen Species (ROS) in a process called respiratory burst, which increases oxygen consumption by 10-15-fold [19,24-25]. Myeloperoxidase MPO then produces localized small quantities of HOCl as biocide. Studies found that (SW) increases Natural Killer cell activity from 8% to 25% and doubling phagocytic activity [26]. In a close manner, our innovative PLUS biocide, which consist mainly of (SW) water99.7% and HOCl with traces of other (ROS) biocides totally equivalent to 250 ppm free chlorine, inactivates pathogens and enhances cell functionality/metabolism. PLUS's physiological effect can’t be solely attributed to 250 ppm free chlorine. Its wide spectrum and fast eliminations of pathogens incl. viruses, Chlorine resistant bacteria and spores > 99,9999% qualifies PLUS as a “chemical sterilant”. Simultaneously, due to its (SW) water, enhance and support cell granulation and speed up damaged area recovery (e.g. wounds & burns), safe on dermatological cells/skin and non-bleach. PLUS is produced in a unique reactor by electrolysis of NaCl salted purified water, producing hydroxylated water with hydronium ions +H3O and hydroxyl radicals OH. These reform into (SW) water with stronger H-bonds that favor cyclic rings enhancing electrical conductivity and dielectric constant [27-29]. PLUS, generation process involves a combination of synergetic technologies like ionizing energy, electromagnetic field (EMF), resonance, catalytic TiO2 and ceramics membrane, ozone + hydrogen peroxide reactions to form stable gentle biocide with energized (SW) & HOCl. Plus is stable with pH 7 unlike chemically produced HOCl stable at pH 4-5. Additionally, its UV spectrum differs from chemically produced HOCl with 2 peaks around 240 and 290 nm. Plus, safe and effective regime of disinfection opens doors for new holistic biocide supporting human health and animals’ wellbeing.

Keywords:
Structured Water; Exclusion Zone; Biological Structured Water; Quantum Coherent Domains; Quantum Electrodynamics; Schumann Resonance; Water Memory; Water Transduction; Water Respiration; Cell Redox Reactions; Radical Oxygen Species; HOCl; PLUS Biocide; Chemical Sterilant


References:
[1] Pang XF. Properties of proton transfer in hydrogen-bonded systems and its experimental evidence and applications in biology. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 2013; 112(1-2): 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2012.11.003
[2] Odella E, Secor M, Reyes Cruz EA, Guerra WD, Urrutia MN, Liddell PA, Moore TA, Moore GF, Hammes-Schiffer S, Moore AL. Managing the redox potential of PCET in grotthuss-type proton wires. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2022; 144(34): 15672-9. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c05820
[3] Odella E, Mora SJ, Wadsworth BL, Goings JJ, Gervaldo MA, Sereno LE, Groy TL, Gust D, Moore TA, Moore GF, Hammes-Schiffer S. Proton-coupled electron transfer across benzimidazole bridges in bioinspired proton wires. Chemical science 2020; 11(15): 3820-8. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9SC06010C
[4] Goings JJ, Hammes-Schiffer S. Nonequilibrium dynamics of proton-coupled electron transfer in proton wires: concerted but asynchronous mechanisms ACS. Central Science 2020; 6(9): 1594-601. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.0c00756
[5] Davidson RM, Lauritzen A, Seneff S. Biological water dynamics and entropy: a biophysical origin of cancer and other diseases. Entropy 2013; 15(9): 3822-76. https://doi.org/10.3390/e15093822
[6] Abha Sharma, Colby Adams, Benjamin D. Cashdollar, Zheng Li, Nam V. Nguyen, Himasri Sai, Jiachun Shi, Gautham Velchuru, Kevin Z. Zhu, and Gerald H. Pollack. Effect of Health-Promoting Agents on Exclusion-Zone Size. Published online 2018 Sep 3. doi: 10.1177/1559325818796937
[7] Del Giudice E, Voeikov V, Tedeschi A, Vitiello G. The origin and the special role of coherent water in living systems. Fields of the Cell 2015; 95-111.
[8] Ikaga R, Namekata I, Kotiadis VN, Ogawa H, Duchen MR, Tanaka H, Iida-Tanaka N. Knockdown of aquaporin8 induces mitochondrial dysfunction in 3T3-L1 cells. Biochemistry and biophysics reports 2015; 4: 187-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.09.009
[9] Kozumi T, Kitagawa Y. Water structure changes induced by ceramics can be detected by increased permeability through aquaporin. Biochemistry and biophysics reports 2016; 5: 353-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.01.002
[10] Ali AF, Cosemi E, Kamel S, Mohammed S, Elhefnawy M, Farid L, Shaker S. Miracle of Zamzam water: the effect on human endometrial aquaporin. IWTC 2009; 13: 1515-20
[11] Craig L. Ramsey Biologically Structured Water (BSW) - A Review (Part 2): Redox Biology, Plant Resilience, SW Drinking Water Types, BSW Water and Aging, BSW Water and Immunity. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 2023, 19: 207-229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29169/1927-5129.2023.19.17
[12] Pollack G. The Fourth Phase of Water: Beyond Solid, Liquid, and Vapor. Ebner & Sons; Seattle, WA, USA: 2013.
[13] Karu TI. Mitochondrial signaling in mammalian cells activated by red and near IR radiation. Photochemistry and Photobiology 2008; 84(5): 1091-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00394.x
[14] Alrais A. F., Alfadeel E. A. A., Hamouda S. A. Schumann Resonances and Their Potential Applications: a Review Article. Mordovia University Bulletin. 2017; 4(27):476‒489. DOI: 10.15507/0236- 2910.027.201704.476-489
[15] Craig L. Ramsey Biologically Structured Water (BSW) - A Review (Part 1): Structured Water (SW) Properties, BSW and Redox Biology, BSW and Bioenergetics. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 2023, 19, 174-201.
[16] Montagnier L, Del Giudice E, Aïssa J, Lavallee C, Motschwiller S, Capolupo A, Polcari A, Romano P, Tedeschi A, Vitiello G. Transduction of DNA information through water and electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 2015; 34(2): 106-12. https://doi.org/10.3109/15368378.2015.1036072
[17] Montagnier L. DNA between Physics and Biology. 60th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting. Available at: http://www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/videos/31544/dna-between-physics-and-biology-2010/laureate-montagnier
[18] S. Tsuyoshi Ohnishi1,* and Tomoko Ohnishi. The Nishino Breathing Method and Ki-energy (Life-energy): A Challenge to Traditional Scientific Thinking. Advance Access Publication. eCAM 2006;3(2)191–200 doi:10.1093/ecam/nel004
[19] Voeikov VL Biological oxidation: over a century of hardship for the concept of active oxygen. Cell Mol Biol 2005; 51: 663-75.
[20] Tuszynski JA. From quantum chemistry to quantum biology: A path toward consciousness. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience 2020; 19(4): 687-700. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.jin.2020.04.393
[21] Li T, Tang H, Zhu J, Zhang JH The finer scale of consciousness: quantum theory. Annals of Translational Medicine 2019; 7(20). https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2019.09.09
[22] Marais A, Adams B, Ringsmuth AK, Ferretti M, Gruber JM, Hendrikx R, Schuld M, Smith SL, Sinayskiy I, Krüger TP, Petruccione F. The future of quantum biology. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 2018; 15(148): 20180640. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0640
[23] Kim Y, Bertagna F, D'souza EM, Heyes DJ, Johannissen LO, Nery ET, Pantelias A, Sanchez-Pedreño Jimenez A, Slocombe L, Spencer MG, Al-Khalili J. Quantum biology: An update and perspective. Quantum Reports 2021; 3(1): 80-126. https://doi.org/10.3390/quantum3010006
[24] Voeikov VL. Reactive oxygen species—(ROS) pathogens or sources of vital energy? Part 1. ROS in normal and pathologic physiology of living systems. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 2006; 12(2): 111-8. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2006.12.111
[25] Voeikov VL. Reactive oxygen species (ROS): pathogens or sources of vital energy? Part 2. Bioenergetic and bioinformational functions of ROS. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 2006; 12(3): 265-70. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2006.12.265
[26] Hwang SG, Lee HS, Lee BC, Bahng G. Effect of antioxidant water on the bioactivities of cells. International journal of cell biology 2017; 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1917239.
[27] Ünal A, Bozkaya U. Anionic water pentamer and hexamer clusters: An extensive study of structures and energetics. The Journal of Chemical Physics 2018; 148(12). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5025233
[28] Lin MF, Singh N, Liang S, Mo M, Nunes JP, Ledbetter K, Yang J, Kozina M, Weathersby S, Shen X, Cordones AA. Imaging the short-lived hydroxyl-hydronium pair in ionized liquid water. Science 2021; 374(6563): 92-5. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg3091
[29] Xing D, Meng Y, Yuan X, Jin S, Song X, Zare RN, Zhang X. Capture of hydroxyl radicals by hydronium cations in water microdroplets. Angewandte Chemie 2022; 134(33): e202207587. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202207587



ETHICAL HISTORY: A CONTRADICTION IN TERMS?
Albert Winkler1;
1SAHS Review, Orem, United States;
sips24_73_72_FS

It is curious that as many historians struggle to make their discipline meaningful to students, these instructors often rob the subject matter of its most fascinating and important aspects. History has long had the reputation of being among the most boring of all courses, and many young people look on their experience with the topic as a bunch of senseless and meaningless facts and dates.  Some of this problem relates to the approach historians use which kills any interest their students might engender in the discipline.  Among the biggest failings of the profession is a strong tendency to take humanity out of one of the most humane of all studies.  In short, rather than giving students examples of moral accomplishments, history does the exact opposite.  In many aspects, the historical profession is morally bankrupt by praising killers, by ignoring the peace makers, and by intimidating students rather than inspiring them.  Rather than a vehicle for social change and moral action, sometimes history has degenerated to a profession of excuses and cover ups in which anything and everything is justified, forgiven, or praised.

Keywords:
History; Morality; Humanity



FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT OF CO-CRYSTAL COMPOUND IN SHIONOGI
Go Kimura1;
1Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Amagasaki, Japan;
sips24_73_167

Nowadays, the number of poorly water soluble drug candidates has increased tremendously. More than 40% of newly discovered drugs are poorly water soluble. It has to be kept in mind that up to now there is no universal science-based formulation design for low water soluble drugs [1]. Co-crystal formation is one of the methods for improving their solubility [2]. This presentation is about the formulation development of SDP-17, a co-crystal drug substance at Shionogi [3]. In the formulation research of this co-crystal, a series of formulation development challenges were found, such as crystal transition to a hydrate crystal with low solubility,  increase in mutagenic impurities, and  crystal transition to a metastable form of the co-crystal. By ingenuity in the formulation design and process selection, all of these challenges were overcome and the co-crystal drug substance was successfully formulated. In this presentation, the history of the development of this formulation will be introduced along with some of the challenges and how to address with data.

Keywords:
co-crystal drug substance; formulation development; crystal transition


References:
[1] G. Kimura, M. Puchkov, H. Leuenberger, J. Pharm. Sci., 102 (2013) 2166-2178
[2] S. Ando, J. Kikuchi, Y. Fujimura, Y. Ida, K. Higashi, K. Moribe, K. Yamamoto, J. Pharm. Sci., 101 (2012) 3214-3221
[3] Monitoring and Particle Design of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals Workshop, The Society of Powder Technology, Japan (2023).



IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND REDUCING THE GREENHOUSE GAS FOOTPRINT OF THE GLOBAL COLD CHAIN, USING PHYSICS-BASED MODELING (DIGITAL TWIN) METHODS AND CLOUD-BASED COMPUTING
Leo Eskin1; Harvey Rubin2;
1Snofox Sciences, Inc., Darnestown, United States; 2University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States;
sips24_73_145_FS

It is estimated that 17% of the global electricity production is used by a broad array of industrial refrigeration systems, collectively known as the Cold Chain.  This global refrigeration industry encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including the healthcare industry, where refrigeration preserves medicines and pharmaceuticals, including vaccines, and the food sector, where temperature-controlled warehouses, trucks and shipping containers maintain food safety. The need for industrial refrigeration is expected to grow in the coming years due to global warming. 

The pharmaceutical industry, in particular, has very stringent temperature storage requirements, and some of the required storage temperatures can be extremely low, leading to significant refrigeration system power use.  Performance enhancements, reduction in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission, and improved equipment maintenance intervals can be achieved by using physics-based thermodynamic modeling methods [2-5] to develop a digital twin for a range of industrial refrigeration systems. Implementations have been demonstrated for stand-alone, single-loop commercial vapor compression refrigeration systems (refrigerators or commercial cooling units, e.g., vaccine storage units) and for multi-loop, multi-compressor industrial refrigeration systems used in temperature-controlled warehouses up to several hundred thousand square feet in size.  Such digital twins enable real-time performance monitoring by computing mass- and energy-balances using measured data, and the calculated results can be trended and used by machine learning algorithms to identify common equipment failures and alert personnel to operational problems.  

Examples are presented illustrating how the trended calculated results enable root-cause identification of operational inefficiencies as well as reduction in system performance due to equipment degradation and improper hardware selection.

Keywords:
Energy; Engineering; Pharmaceuticals; Technology; Global Cold Chain; Refrigeration; Digital Twin


References:
[1] International Institute of Refrigeration, 29th Informatory Note on Refrigeration Technologies, November 2015.
[2] EBSILON®Professional heat balance software by STEAG Energy Services GmbH, Germany, www.ebsilon.com
[3] C. P. Underwood, Seventh International IBPSA Conference (2001).
[4] B. P. Rasmussen, C. Price, J. Koeln, B. Keating, A. Alleyne, Advances in Industrial Control, no. 9783319684611 (2018).
[5] I. Saidi, A. Hammami, D. Soudani, Proceedings: conférence international des énergies renouvelables (Sousse, Tunisia, 2017).



LOVE, THE BLACK HOLE IN THE UNIVERSE OF FEELINGS – WHY PSYCHOLOGY MIGHT NEED QUANTUM GRAVITY CONCEPTS - PART 1
Norbert Schwarzer1; Julius Schwarzer1;
1Saxonian Institute of Surface Mechanics and RASA Energy Inc., Ummanz, Germany;
sips24_73_327

There are more and more approaches to try and understand the world of feeling such as love, hate, fear, anger and so on plus consciousness in general, sub- and un-consciousness via quantum concepts. A standard drawback to such attempts seems to result from the old problem that our current quantum theory is not of metric origin or – in other words – does not appear to be fully compatible with Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity [1]. This lack of a true Quantum Gravity Theory does seem to be the major obstacle for all our attempts to understand consciousness. After all, it well could be that our feelings and consciousness in general, potentially embedding both quantum and cosmic scales, require a truly scale invariant and thus, metric theory. 

In order to overcome these difficulties, we explicitly tried to avoid to “push” any existing theory into the comprehension of the human mind and all its derivatives but, instead, started our consideration with the assumption that everything, including consciousness, may consist of attributes or properties. Subjecting these properties to a general Hamilton extremal principle, thereby using the Riemann theory and Hilbert techniques, we – most surprisingly – ended up in generalized Einstein-Field-Equations [2, 3, 4]. These equations do not only contain the full Theory of General Relativity [1], but – lo and behold – also include all main quantum equations, be it for bosonic or fermionic entities. The whole ensemble undoubtedly has the characteristics of a Quantum Gravity Theory and the best part of it is, that it was already there for about 109 years [5]. 

In this talk, we are going to apply our approach onto the interesting field of love and the topic of feelings in general [3, 6]. Thereby, we will not only consider the aspect of feelings of an individual but also investigate phenomena coming into play where ensembles of human beings entangle. This reaches from observations of so-called mass formations to the simple question whether an economic entity - a company - can be good [4]?

Keywords:
mathematical psychology; quantum gravity; consciousness; love fields


References:
[1] A. Einstein, Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie, Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 49, 769–822
[2] N. Schwarzer: “The Math of Body, Soul and the Universe”, Jenny Stanford Publishing, ISBN 9789814968249
[3] N. Schwarzer, “Mathematical Psychology – The World of Thoughts as a Quantum Space-Time with a Gravitational Core”, 2024, Jenny Stanford Publishing, ISBN: 9789815129274
[4] W. Wismann, D. Martin, N. Schwarzer, “Creation, Separation and the Mind, the Three Towers of Singularity - The Application of Universal Code in Reality”, 2024, RASA strategy book, ISBN 979-8-218-44483-9
[5] D. Hilbert, Die Grundlagen der Physik, Teil 1, Göttinger Nachrichten, 395-407 (1915)
[6] J. Schwarzer, “Love Fields - towards a mathematical psychology“, https://youtu.be/TdJuOsfXR2s



LOVE, THE BLACK HOLE IN THE UNIVERSE OF FEELINGS – WHY PSYCHOLOGY MIGHT NEED QUANTUM GRAVITY CONCEPTS - PART 2
Norbert Schwarzer1;
1Saxonian Institute of Surface Mechanics and RASA Energy Inc., Ummanz, Germany;
sips24_73_462

There are more and more approaches to try and understand the world of feeling such as love, hate, fear, anger and so on plus consciousness in general, sub- and un-consciousness via quantum concepts. A standard drawback to such attempts seems to result from the old problem that our current quantum theory is not of metric origin or – in other words – does not appear to be fully compatible with Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity [1]. This lack of a true Quantum Gravity Theory does seem to be the major obstacle for all our attempts to understand consciousness. After all, it well could be that our feelings and consciousness in general, potentially embedding both quantum and cosmic scales, require a truly scale invariant and thus, metric theory. 

In order to overcome these difficulties, we explicitly tried to avoid to “push” any existing theory into the comprehension of the human mind and all its derivatives but, instead, started our consideration with the assumption that everything, including consciousness, may consist of attributes or properties. Subjecting these properties to a general Hamilton extremal principle, thereby using the Riemann theory and Hilbert techniques, we – most surprisingly – ended up in generalized Einstein-Field-Equations [2, 3, 4]. These equations do not only contain the full Theory of General Relativity [1], but – lo and behold – also include all main quantum equations, be it for bosonic or fermionic entities. The whole ensemble undoubtedly has the characteristics of a Quantum Gravity Theory and the best part of it is, that it was already there for about 109 years [5]. 

In this talk, we are going to apply our approach onto the interesting field of love and the topic of feelings in general [3, 6]. Thereby, we will not only consider the aspect of feelings of an individual but also investigate phenomena coming into play where ensembles of human beings entangle. This reaches from observations of so-called mass formations to the simple question whether an economic entity - a company - can be good [4]?

Keywords:
Mathematical psychology; quantum gravity; consciousness; love fields


References:
[1] A. Einstein, Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie, Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 49, 769–822
[2] N. Schwarzer: “The Math of Body, Soul and the Universe”, Jenny Stanford Publishing, ISBN 9789814968249
[3] N. Schwarzer, “Mathematical Psychology – The World of Thoughts as a Quantum Space-Time with a Gravitational Core”, 2024, Jenny Stanford Publishing, ISBN: 9789815129274
[4] W. Wismann, D. Martin, N. Schwarzer, “Creation, Separation and the Mind, the Three Towers of Singularity - The Application of Universal Code in Reality”, 2024, RASA strategy book, ISBN 979-8-218-44483-9
[5] D. Hilbert, Die Grundlagen der Physik, Teil 1, Göttinger Nachrichten, 395-407 (1915)
[6] J. Schwarzer, “Love Fields - towards a mathematical psychology“, https://youtu.be/TdJuOsfXR2s



OPEN MINDEDNESS & UNRESOLVED MYSTERIES
Hans Leuenberger1;
1University of Florida, Orlando, United States;
sips24_73_324_FS

Interestingly, there are many unresolved mysteries. Thus, if the result of a pharmacological effect cannot be explained, it is most convenient to declare this fact as a “placebo effect”! In Germany a comprehensive Acupuncture study showed to be effective [1], however, skeptical scientists [2] pretend that these Acupuncture results have fallen under the “placebo effect”. This statement is irrelevant to those that have been healed. It is important to strengthen the “Placebo Effect” instead of using opioids [3]! The focus of this contribution is to develop different hypotheses to explain the mystery of the placebo effect! Is the placebo effect a physical resonance effect of the human body with the drug substance if both systems can be described by an Einstein - Debye model of harmonic oscillators? Is the cause of the Placebo effect the human propensity of self-healing which can be triggered by methods such as Tai Chi, the Nishino Breathing Method, by Qi Gong and by other methods such pleasant music, vibrations, pleasant figures, shapes, pleasant environment such as healthy power spots at sacred sites i.e. places of worship such as monasteries, temples etc. Interestingly, such power spots can be detected by experienced and talented dowsers. In this context, dowsing and the search for waterapplied kinesiology [4] also is considered as pseudoscience, and part of alternative medicine. However, it is difficult to explain why sensitive dowsers and practitioners in kinesiology using “muscle testing” instead of a “pendulum” as instrument for dowsing usually agree in testing the positive effect of supplements, drugs or food. Hahnemann realized that the more he diluted a substance dissolved in water the pharmacological effect became more pronounced, even in the case that due to the continuous dilution statistically no molecule of the active ingredient is present. This incredible phenomenon leads to the conclusion that homoeopathy [5] is a pseudoscientific system. However, five reasons are mentioned, why homeopathic preparations were reported to be successful: 1)  placebo effect; The therapeutic effect of consultation; Unassisted natural healing [5]; Unrecognized treatments; Regression towards the mean [5]. This long list leads to the tentative conclusion that homeopathy seems to be effective.  Modern advocates of homeopathy have proposed the concept of “water memory”, according to which water "remembers" the substances mixed and transmits the effect when consumed. In 1988, Jacques Benveniste published a paper in the journal Nature while working at INSERM supporting the idea of Hahnemann. However, he was forced to withdraw his paper against his will. Interestingly, Nobel Laureate Luc Montagnier, who was credited with identifying the AIDS virus, subsequently took up Benveniste's work on water memory.  He and several other scientists claimed to have successfully replicated Benveniste's experiments. Thus, additional research is needed so that Hahnemann’s work is officially recognized. Hypnotic medicine describes the use of hypnosis in psychotherapy. Unfortunately, the efficacy of hypnotherapy is not well supported by scientific evidence. Hypnotherapy was used to sedate a patient before surgery. Interestingly, there is evidence of hypnosis in ancient cultures. Galenic Pharmacy was originally describing Pharmaceutical Technology according to Galen (born in 131, in Pergamon, Greece. Galen was a physician, pharmacist, natural scientist, nutritional scientist and philosopher. The remedies of Galen did not consist of a single substance but of a combination of different herbs and other products like the contemporary Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The efficacy of the Galen recipes included remedies against human poisons since the emperors were interested in their chance of surviving poisoning. TCM also is considered as alternative medicine. Humanity needs to realize that there is a close correlation between a healthy and a peaceful society. Nations at war lead to a sick society and to collateral damage. The World Health Organization, WHO, takes care of a sustainable global/planetary health system. In this context, it makes sense that WHO also takes care of a sustainable peaceful world. Ideally such a peace initiative should be proposed by the 2024 SIPS summit and supported by Nobel Laureates attending this SIPS summit in Crete. Will computational science and Artificial Intelligence close the gap between the exact natural sciences, the technological sciences and the humanities/social sciences and lead us to appreciate the knowledge of ancient cultures? Can we stimulate open mindedness, transdisciplinary sciences, love for peace and tolerance under the umbrella of a strict ethical Codex?

Keywords:
Open Mindedness; Transdisciplinary Research; Placebo Effect Mystery


References:
[1] Acupuncture [Internet], available at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16897149/
[2] The Skeptics Society, [Internet], available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptics_Society#History
[3] Wikipedia Opoid Epidemic in the United States [Internet] available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States)!
[4] Applied kinesiology, Internet, available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_kinesiology
[5] Homeopathy, [Internet], available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy



SELF-ORGANIZATION-BASED METHODS APPLIED TO BASIC HOMEOPATHY RESEARCH
Maria Olga Kokornaczyk1; Sandra Würtenberger2; Mario Castelán3; Carlos Acuña3; Daniel Wrzałko1; Paul Doesburg4; Stephan Baumgartner1;
1University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; 2Hevert-Arzneimittel GmbH & Co. KG, Nussbaum, Germany; 3Cinvestav, Mexico City, Mexico; 4Society for Cancer Research Hiscia Research, Arlesheim, Switzerland;
sips24_73_365

Background In addition to common analytical methods that involve breaking down a sample and analyzing its individual components, there are analytical tools that utilize synthesis processes instead. These methods often involve techniques such as evaporation-induced crystallization or chromatography, resulting in a structure or pattern (pattern-forming methods, PFMs). Here, we present basic research studies on homeopathy conducted using PFMs, specifically the droplet evaporation method [1], copper-chloride biocrystallization [2], and ascending chromatography [3] with physical, plant, and in vitro human blood models, respectively.

Materials and Methods

  1. Droplet Evaporation Method: Droplets of low potencies of Viscum album Quercus 3x, produced by different modalities (potentization by vortex or vertical succussions vs. undynamized control), were placed on microscope slides and allowed to dry under controlled conditions. The resulting patterns were photographed and analyzed using deep-learning-based algorithms.
  2. Copper-Chloride Biocrystallization: Watery extracts were prepared from cress seedlings watered with different potencies. Copper chloride was added to these diluted extracts, and the solution was allowed to crystallize in a controlled environment. The patterns were analyzed for texture and fractal dimension.
  3. Ascending Paper Chromatography: EDTA blood samples were treated in vitro with an individually prescribed potency, two preselected potencies, and a placebo. These samples were analyzed using ascending paper chromatography, with the treated blood as the stationary phase and the potency as the mobile phase. The forms and colors of the chromatograms were analyzed using ImageJ software.

Results Our research showed that:

  1. The mixing modality significantly influenced the patterns. Strokes reduced the pattern complexity, while vortexing enhanced it compared to the control.
  2. Treatments with different potencies influenced the cress seedlings, leading to significantly different crystallization patterns.
  3. Homeopathic in vitro treatment applied to blood resulted in the formation of significantly different chromatograms.

Discussion and Conclusions Research on homeopathic preparations requires methods that are sensitive to the sample’s coherence rather than its composition. PFMs appear to address this need and should be studied further in different experimental settings.

 

Keywords:
homeopathy; self-organisation; patterns; health


References:
[1] Kokornaczyk, M. O., Acuña, C., Mier y Terán, A., Castelán, M. & Baumgartner, S. Vortex-like vs. turbulent mixing of a Viscum album preparation affects crystalline structures formed in dried droplets. Scientific reports 14, 12965 (2024).
[2] Doesburg, P., Andersen, J.-O., Scherr, C., Kokornaczyk, M. O. & Baumgartner, S. Multidimensional Outcome Parameters in a Cress Seedling-CuCl2 Crystallization Assay to Corroborate Specific Effects of Stannum metallicum 30x Compared to Lactose 30x. Homeopathy; 10.1055/s-0044-1785517 (2024).
[3] HRI London 2023—Cutting Edge Research in Homeopathy: Presentation Abstracts (Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2023).



SMART CITIES EFFECT ON CLIMATE CHANGE
Ibrahim Karim1;
1BioGeometry Energy Systems, Cairo, Egypt;
sips24_73_243_FS

Smart Cities are being built everywhere in a competitive display of the extravagant possibilities of modern technology. An incomplete understanding of global warming results in making a zero-carbon footprint as the goal of environmental urban planning. The goal is reached by replacing combustion engine cars with electrically driven versions. This limited vision of considering oil as the only culprit in global warming.

The practical experience from applying BioGeometry solutions to areas plagued by a stressful situation resulting from electromagnetic radiation clearly shows the harmful effects on human, animal and plant life. In the research projects done in Hemberg, St. Gallen  (x) and Hirschberg Appenzell IR, Switzerland, in collaboration with the government Authority for Mobile communication and environment and Swisscom the government mobile communication provider, it was clearly shown that by infusing the electromagnetic radiation with BioGeometry life force energy quality (x) a significant improvement in human, animal and plant health was achieved. Electromagnetic radiation causes heat. Tests on mobile phone emission with Infra-Red technology showed a reduction in the raised temperature from the device electromagnetic radiation when infused with BioGeometry Life force solutions. It is widely ignored that electromagnetic radiation from modern technology contributes to global warming. Replacing carbon emission with electricity is not only harmful to living systems in general but will also increase the effect on global warming.

Artificial Intelligence running smart cities will employ sensors on every level from the smallest to the largest and will depend on an information technology that will produce a huge increase in electromagnetic radiation in the environment. Urban settlements in history were always located around water springs, lakes and rivers that carried life force into the agriculture. They were also planned on the energetic patterns of the earth. Roman planning based on life force earth patterns can be found everywhere in Europe. Zurich with its thousand natural water fountains is good example. New Smart cities showcase extravagant shapes with total disregard to the natural life force patterns of the earth, Carbon emissions from all types of life on earth form part of the energetic life forcr exchange in nature. Carbon emissions of modern technology however, do not contain life force and are not absorbed into the natural cycle and stagnate in the atmosphere contributing to global warming. Natural electromagnetic activity of the earth is part of the life force of all living species and contains an inner regulation and optimising of temperature. Electromagnetic radiation from modern technology is disturbing the natural counterpart in nature and causing global warming.

BioGeometry offers a fresh look at climate change by infusing carbon emissions and electromagnetic radiation with life force resulting in their integration in nature an harmonizing their effect on  the temperature of their environment. The high intensity of carbon and electromagnetic will become a healing environment. This is the practical solution that we applied successfully in the Swiss projects.

Keywords:
Smart cities; Global warming; Climate change; electromagnetic radiation; BioGeometry


References:
[1] Karim, Ibrahim, Hidden Reality, The BioGeometry Physics of Quality, 2022, Amazon
[2] GIBB Genossenschaft Information Baubiologie, Harmonisierung mit BioGeometrie, St. Gallerstrasse 28, CH-9230, Flawil, 2004, ISBN 3-033-00391-5
[3] Swanson, Claude, PhD Physics MIT/Stanford, Life Force: The Scientific Basis, Poseidon Press, 7320 North La Cholla, 2010, Tucson, AZ85741
[4] Yousef, Khaled, Experiment on BioGeometry Design on Electromagnetic (wifi) Waves in Architectural Spaces, PhD thesis, Cairo University,
[5] Egyptian patent office, A23L 03//38 // A 23 C 09/123, 1895, 31/12/1993, BioGeometry Research Projects, www.biogeometry.ca



SUSTAINABILITY IN BIG PHARMA – CAN SUPERCOMPUTING DO THE MAGIC?
Martin Bultmann1;
1University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany;
sips24_73_101_FS

Though all industries can harvest low-hanging fruit in terms of sustainability (environmental, economic, social) in various aspects like waste-reduction, material/water/energy-consumption etc., pharma-specific SWOT analysis reveal internal and external obstacles for significant improvement: e.g. regulatory aspects, data handling, implementation of innovation.

Conservative and risk-avoiding internal/external regulatory bodies with different views and foci result in a downward spiral narrowing down the operational window, fostering only applying legacy approaches and create a hindering environment for implementing innovative technologies.

On the other hand, regulatory bodies are right asking for thorough understanding of products and processes (e.g. ICH Q8-10) which comprises the ability to rationally explain formulation and process.

Data, information, knowledge play a major role in creating that knowledge and wisdom around products, the human body and our industry in the widest sense. With vast amount of (unstructured) data available, supercomputing power, NN, AI, KBS are necessary prerequisites for harvesting knowledge. Plus, educating next generation scientists in best practices of (DOE-)data-evaluation, modelling, simulation becomes even more important to achieve next big steps in sustainability.

Keywords:
Design of Experiments (DoE); ICH guidelines; Modelling; Big Data; development funnel; Single Use Systems (SUS); PUPSIT; Medical devices; waste to drug ratio; overengineering; overregulation; education; DIKW pyramid; eternity costs; TIMWOODS; Efficiency; Neural Networks (NN) and Artificial Intelligence (AI); Knowledge based / Expert systems (KBS/XPS); SWOT Analysis


References:
[1] Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm Band 13, Hirzel, Leipzig 1869, Spalte 69., digitalised version in Wörterbuchnetz des Trier Center for Digital Humanities, Version 01/23, , last visited 17.Apr.2024. https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=DWB&lemid=N00521
[2] Wikipedia „Nachhaltigkeit“ https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachhaltigkeit last visited 17.Apr.2024
[3] Wikipedia „Sustainability“ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability last visited 17.Apr.2024
[4] Wikipedia „Eco-ecomomic decoupling“ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling last visited 17.Apr.2024
[5] Purvis, B., Mao, Y. & Robinson, D. Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins. Sustain Sci 14, 681–695 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5 - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5 CC BY-SA 4.0 File:Visualization of pillars of sustainability.webp, last visited 18.Apr.2024
[6] H. Stricker, Arzneiformen-Entwicklung: Feste Zubereitungen, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012, ISBN 10: 364262393X, ISBN 13: 9783642623936
[7] H. Leuenberger, The Organic Supercomputer, able to Replicate as Virtual Patient, Proceedings 2023 SIPS Summit, Hyatt Playa Bonita, Panama City, Vol.11, sips23_65_63FS, Intern. Symp. on Technological Innovations in Medicine, edited by F. Kongoli, F. Murad, T. Yoshikawa, J.R. Ribas, D. Joseph, N. Tran, S. Hirano FLOGEN 2023.
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[12] P. Bauer, V. Schreiber, FX Wohlzogen, Sequentielle statistische Verfahren, Fischer Stuttgart, New York, 1986, ISBN 3437203436
[13] United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs - Sustainability Development Goals https://sdgs.un.org/goals, last visited 22.Apr.2024
[14] D. Fiedler, C. Alva, J. Pinto, M. Spoerk, Martin, R. Jeitler, E. Roblegg, In-Vial Printing and Drying of Biologics as a Personalizable Approach, 2022, International journal of pharmaceutics. 623, 121909. 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121909
[15] Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales https://www.csr-in-deutschland.de/DE/CSR-Allgemein/CSR-Politik/CSR-in-der-EU/Corporate-Sustainability-Reporting-Directive/corporate-sustainability-reporting-directive-art.html, last visited 22.May 2024



SUSTAINABILITY IN MEDICIN AND PHARMACEUTICS - WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM HISTORY?
Stephan Buchmann1;
1Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, Allschwil, Switzerland;
sips24_73_42_FS

The high level of health care capabilities and activities in many countries is very beneficial for the societies, however, the related contribution to the carbon dioxide foot print is considerable and should be reduced. Thinking about relevant reduction measures and caring about future generations may trigger the question: What could we learn from our preceding generations, from their way of living, acting, and practicing? A selection of medical and pharmaceutical practices will be presented, covering the time span from about 4000 B.C. till 20th century, encompassing practices conducted in Ancient Egypt, by the Greeks and Romans, in the Orient and medieval Europe. Examples of drugs and dosage forms that were used in ancient times are given. For comparison, practices of modern times and aspects of the pharmaceutical industry are discussed. It is then assessed how well the presented cases would match the sustainability criteria based on our view of today. Eventually, potential approaches are presented, indicating how sustainability might be achieved in pharmaceutical and medical practice today and in the future.

Keywords:
Sustainability; Pharmaceutics; Medicine; History; Drugs; Practices; Measures


References:
[1] Cowen David L., Helfand William H., Pharmacy: an Illustrated History, Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1990.



THE APPLICATION OF BIOGEOMETRY DESIGN TO FOR SPECIAL ABILITIES ENVIRONMENTS
Ibrahim Karim1;
1BioGeometry Energy Systems, Cairo, Egypt;
sips24_73_205_FS

The application of environmental solutions using the science of BioGeometry in government projects in Switzerland has resulted in a significant reduction of physical and psychological symptoms caused by electromagnetic and chemical pollution. The study done by the Building Biology Information Organisation (x) GIBB and Dr. Med. Yvonne Gilli, Member of Parliament showed that the effects on the emotional and mental level were more significant than those on the physical level which had shown a 60% reduction in symptoms. A new taste for life, the will to undertake activities as well as the significant reduction of aggression in interaction with others were among the many lost traits that were restored. The mayor said on television that peace had had prevailed on the community. A complete reduction of epileptic seizures was very surprising. The frequent buzzing headaches were greatly reduced. Based on a solid new physics of quality, these results have been sustained for over twenty years. Those results led to several post-graduate PhD research on the effect of BioGeometry design on different brain problems like depression (X), hyperactivity and autism (x). The results obtained in more than two decades of research with, were applied in the creation of architecture that played an active part in creating a healing environment for special abilities, the new term used to collectively describe those brain disturbances. In this paper, the stressful effect of different shapes on the brain will be examined (x), and some examples of research in this field will be presented. These promising results have been applied in the design of the new project for the integration of special abilities to be carried out by the Egyptian government’s presidential projects. 

Keywords:
BioGeometry; Special Abilities; ADHD; Depression; Autism; Hyper activity


References:
[1] Karim, Ibrahim, Hidden Reality, The BioGeometry Physics of Quality, 2022, Amazon
[2] GIBB Genossenschaft Information Baubiologie, Harmonisierung mit BioGeometrie, St.Gallerstrasse 28, CH-9230, Flawil, 2004, ISBN 3-033-00391-5
[3] Abdelfattah, Lobna Shaker, Modern Technologies: Utilizing Energy in Spas, Interior Design. PhD, Helwan University Egypt, Applied Arts, Interior design dept.,2014
[4] Howeidy, Dina, A Design Approach Using BioGeometry in the Interior Architectural Spaces with Reference to Heal Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), PhD, Cairo University 2012.



THE LEGACY OF THE SWISS HERMIT NICOLAS OF FLUE (1417-1487): LEADING TO THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) PEACE INITIATIVE
Hans Leuenberger1;
1University of Florida, Orlando, United States;
sips24_73_506

It was not easy to find detailed information on the life of Nicolas of Flue such as the book1 “Brother Klaus, Man of Two Worlds” by Christina Yates. She was educated at a Quaker co-educational Boarding school in Somerset, England. In Geneva, Switzerland, she worked from 1926-1927 at the Friends International Centre established during the early years of the League of Nations, today: United Nations. Quakers2 were known to refuse to participate in war, to swear oaths and were opposed to slavery. Anabaptists also refused to participate in a war being prosecuted by Catholic and Protestant authorities. In this context, the father of Niklaus Leuenberger3, head of the peasant revolt in 1653, was also an Anabaptist. 

In 1947, in recognition of their dedication to peace, Quakers1 were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Quakers2 introduced the Bill of Rights to the U.S. Constitution, trial by jury, equal rights for men and women, and public education. From 1953 - 1970 Christina Yates was teaching English at the Ecole d’Humanite following Paul Geheeb’s educational principles4 in the Bernese Oberland. During this time, she spent several years studying extensive French and German literature on the life of Nicolas of Flue. Her book consists of 4 parts, describing his “Life” (I), citing “Eyewitnesses” (II), describing “The Other Dimension” (III) and “Brother Klaus Today” (IV). Part III is related to the Man of the Two worlds: Klaus, he has experienced war, -brutal hand to hand combat with pike and lance - as brave soldier being promoted to the rank of a captain, he also sat on the bench with magistrates accepting bribes. Knowing the deficiencies of his own community, he suffered from depression until he retired as hermit in a wooden shack in the Ranft close to his former home. Brother Klaus had several visions triggering the curiosity1 of C.G. Jung (Carl Jung - Wikipedia). Christina describes the controversy regarding the incrediblefasting of Brother Klaus, since the local people wondered if he was receiving food secretly. Albrecht von Bonstetten, a nobleman, describes Brother Klaus as of “low birth” since he had no higher education. Thus, Klaus needed the support of Brother Ulrich1 for writing letters to authorities. Ulrich was an educated man, who established in an “arrow shot” distance1 his own hermit cell. Thus, Brother Klaus was happy that his youngest son enrolled as student at the University of Basel. 

The differentiation between noble families and free people evolved only later, since the noble family “von Schweinsberg - Attinghausen” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweinsberg_Castle) of the  Canton of Uri and Bern sided with the free farmers playing an important role in the foundation of Switzerland. The birth of the concept of the “armed political Swiss neutrality” can be summarized with the following statements1 by Brother Klaus: “O dear friends, don’t make your fence too wide, the better to remain in peace, calm and unity in your honorable and hard-won liberty. Don’t burden yourselves with foreign affairs, don’t join up with foreign rulers, guard against dissension and self-seeking. Protect your fatherland and cleave it to it. Do not foster intentional love of fighting, but if anyone attacks you, then fight bravely for freedom and fatherland”. Edgar Bonjour‘s extensive work consists of nine volumes on the history of the Swiss neutrality5. A sustainable healthy world only can be realized in the case of peace. Thus, the author of this abstract supports the idea of Prof Marcel Tanner that the World Health Organization (WHO) also addresses a peaceful planet thanks to the creation of the WHO Peace Initiative by using the tools of the International Council of Harmonization by establishing a special ICH-EPC team7 with the goal of Easing and Preventing Conflicts (EPC).

Keywords:
Nicolas of Flue; Peace Initiative of the World Health Organization; Switzerland's political neutrality


References:
[1] Yates, Ch., Brother Klaus, Man of Two worlds, The Eber Press, York, 1989.
[2] Quakers, Internet available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers
[3] Leuenberger, H.,(2020) Niklaus Leuenberger: Predating Gandhi In 1653? SAHS Review. Vol. 56, p. 64 – 93.
[4] Bose, A. Paul Geheeb, In a world of violence the search for a new humanism, The UNESCO Courier, June 1962, p.20-26.
[5] Bonjour, E. Geschichte der schweizerischen Neutralitaet, 9 Volumes, 1965-70.
[6] ICH, Internet available at https://ich.org/
[7] Leuenberger, H, The Healing Power of Forgiveness, pptx Presentation 2024 SIPS summit.



THE REDUCTION OF SIDE EFFECTS OF PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS THROUGH BIOGEOMETRY LIFE FORCE BALANCING QUALITIES
Ibrahim Karim1;
1BioGeometry Energy Systems, Cairo, Egypt;
sips24_73_204_FS

The application of environmental solutions using the science of BioGeometry in government projects in Switzerland has resulted in a significant reduction of physical and psychological symptoms caused by electromagnetic and chemical pollution. Based on a solid new physics of quality, these results have been sustained for over twenty years. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the possibility of applying BioGeometry to pharmacology to reduce the side-effects of pharmaceutical drugs. The application of BioGeometry design principles to water and feed in chicken farming in Canada have produced healthy chemical-free products for several years. Saltwater planting experiments in Egypt have shown the effect of using BioGeometry design principles for water and §plant containers. BioGeometry-designed bottles have given water and other liquids prolonged freshness with health benefits. Based on a wide range of research, the introduction of the BioGeometry harmonizing energy quality into all kinds of pharmaceutical as well as other products can insure a widespread effect of the BioGeometry benefits with a significant reduction of drug side-effects. This will surely play an important role in this age of pandemics. 

The success of BioGeometry in environmental research projects over the years has prompted us to extend this invitation to do interdisciplinary integrative research that promises to introduce a new era of pharmaceutical products that will greatly enhance human, animal and plant health. 

Keywords:
BioGeometry; Pharmaceuticals; Resonance; Shape; Pattern; Salt-water planting; Resonance; Shape; Side effects; Pattern; Salt-water planting


References:
[1] Karim, Ibrahim, Hidden Reality, The BioGeometry Physics of Quality, 2022, Amazon
[2] GIBB Genossenschaft Information Baubiologie, Harmonisierung mit BioGeometrie, St. Gallerstrasse 28, CH-9230, Flawil, 2004, ISBN 3-033-00391-5
[3] Swanson, Claude, PhD Physics MIT/Stanford, Life Force: The Scientific Basis, Poseidon Press, 7320 North La Cholla, 2010, Tucson, AZ85741
[4] Egyptian patent office, A23L 03//38 // A 23 C 09/123, 1895, 31/12/1993, BioGeometry Research Projects, www.biogeometry.ca



WATER MUCH MORE THAN H2O BEYOND CONVENTIONAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
Hassan Tarabishi1; Alhassan Hamad1;
1Somicon Industrial, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates;
sips24_73_339

Water, something that we often take for granted, has a fourth phase [1] that holds mysteries crucial to understanding many natural phenomena. This theory on structured water fourth phase was often met with skepticism and labelled as pseudo-science but recently, finds acceptance as researches advances with more evidences through more sensitive equipment and modern super-computer quantum energy calculations.

The concept of Structured Water (SW) fourth phase between solid and liquid is defined as cluster of water molecules joined by strong H-bonds to form relative stable ringed-structures molecular called Coherent Domains (CD) with characteristics that differs from classical notions of bulk liquid waterBased on the Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) field theory, the two phases, unstructured/non-coherent bulk water and structured/coherent (CD) water, exist together in liquid water at variable proportion depending on water conditions and environment [2-6]. The Coherent Domains (CD) are created when water molecules oscillate between two electronic configurations in phase with a resonating electromagnetic field (EMF) [7-8], which can create a quantum resonating cavity in the Coherent Domain (CD) trapping specific frequencies/waves [9-10]. In other words, bulk water may convert into (SW) water by resonating with and collecting coherent (EMF) fields generated from either in vivo or environmental sources [11]. The trapped non-vanishing (EMF) field doesn’t dissipate and tends to resonate with other CDs coherently. This phenomenon is referred to as Water Memory (WM) by Dr. Luc Montagnier [12]. Similarly, at hydrophilic surfaces, structured water (CD) is formed as dense lattice of hexagonal-ringed molecules expelling contaminates out of those tight H-bonded layers of hexagonal rings, firstly referred to as Exclusion Zone (EZ) by Dr. Gerald Pollack. The honey comb structure forms 60 degree shifted layers up to 1 mm in thickness capable of accommodating helix structure [13-14].

Recent (SW) studies employing Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) to detect and image structured water (CD) in liquid water and on metal surfaces [15-18]. AFM images revealed water supra-molecules of various sizes and shapes potentially comprising millions to billions of clustered H-bonded water molecules with soft, gel-like properties. Each supra-molecules rod-like or spiral-helical structures comprised of much smaller “spheres” resembling pentamers and hexagonal ring structure (CD). The spheres’ (CD) outer shell is electron-dense, indicating that the outer shells are a cloud or cold vortex of quasi-free electrons. These structures remain stable for weeks or months at room temperature and pressure [19]. As CD spheres approach a hydrophilic surface, they flatten out into a liquid crystalline lattice, known as Exclusion Zone (EZ), composed of tight layers of H-bonded, hexagonal-ringed water molecules [20]. The cold vortices of quasi-free electrons in the outer shell of the (CD) sphere are converted into quasi-free electrons within the (EZ) layers that interfaced with the hydrophilic surface [6,7,20]. When the H-bond strength increases to provide more structure to water, it becomes less fluid, with higher viscosity but the pentamers and hexagonal ring structure (CD) spheres or rods is less dense than liquid bulk water (similar to ice). However, the tight lattice structured water at hydrophilic surfaces is more dense than liquid bulk water [21].

In structured coherent domain the molecular electrons fluctuate between being strongly bound (ionization potential 12.60 eV) and an excited configuration (12.06 eV) in which one electron per molecule is “quasi-free”. Additionally, the trapped (EMF) radiation inside the (CD) had an equivalent of (0.26 eV) [19,22]. Even weak energy sources like red light (~680nm) have enough energy (1.8 eV) to bring the quasi-free electrons over the threshold of ionization potential. Infrared and other weak frequencies emitting subtle (EMF) electromagnetic and magnetic fields are able to increase structured water (EZ) [23-24]. However, many studies showed that, microwave frequencies (2.45 GHz) of older cell phones and (20-60 GHz) of newer 5G reduce water structure (EZ) layers since they destroy covalent bonds and disrupt H-bonding dynamics in water [25-27].

(SW) is not just H2O but rather pentamers or hexagonal ring structure with 3 x -eH3O2 which bears noticeable negative charge (-100 mV to -200mV) due to losing protons +H to the adjacent bulk water forming positively charged hydronium ions +H3O, lowering its pH < 7 and serving as energy reservoir [28]. A quantum computational model study of anionic and neutral hexamer structures showed that a set of two hexamer rings could be stacked on top of another with quasi-free electrons in the π orbitals. The computational spectral signature of (SW) hexagonal rings was 271 nm [29], which matched the experimental spectral signature of (EZ) water 270 nm [30-31].

Keywords:
Structured Water; Coherent Domains; Quantum Electrodynamics; Exclusion Zone; Water Memory


References:
[1] Pollack G. The Fourth Phase of Water: Beyond Solid, Liquid, and Vapor. Ebner & Sons; Seattle, WA, USA: 2013.
[2] Gallo P, Amann-Winkel K, Angell CA, Anisimov MA, Caupin F, Chakravarty C, Lascaris E, Loerting T, Panagiotopoulos AZ, Russo J, Sellberg JA. Water: A tale of two liquids. Chemical Reviews 2016; 116(13): 7463-500. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00750
[3] Taschin A, Bartolini P, Eramo R, Righini R, Torre R. Evidence of two distinct local structures of water from ambient to supercooled conditions. Nature Communications 2013; 4(1): 2401. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3401
[4] Shi R, Tanaka H. Direct evidence in the scattering function for the coexistence of two types of local structures in liquid water. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2020; 142(6): 2868-75. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b11211
[5] Scirè AA. mesoscopic model for the collective dynamics of water coherence domains arXiv preprint arXiv: 2004.07545 2020.
[6] Bono I, Del Giudice E, Gamberale L, Henry M. Emergence of the coherent structure of liquid water. Water 2012;4(3): 510-32. https://doi.org/10.3390/w4030510
[7] Geesink HJ, Jerman I, Meijer DK. Water, the cradle of life via its coherent quantum frequencies. Water 2020; 11: 78-108.
[8] Valery Shalatonin, Gerald H. Pollack. Magnetic fields induce exclusion zones in water. PLOS ONE May 27, 2022 doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268747
[9] Jerman I. The origin of life from quantum vacuum, water and polar molecules. American Journal of Modern Physics 2016; 5(4-1): 34-43.
[10] Scirè AA. mesoscopic model for the collective dynamics of water coherence domainsarXiv preprint arXiv: 2004.07545 2020.
[11] Craig L. Ramsey Biologically Structured Water (BSW) - A Review (Part 1): Structured Water (SW) Properties, BSW and Redox Biology, BSW and Bioenergetics. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 2023, 19, 174-201.
[12] Montagnier L, Del Giudice E, Aïssa J, Lavallee C, Motschwiller S, Capolupo A, Polcari A, Romano P, Tedeschi A, Vitiello G. Transduction of DNA information through water and electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 2015; 34(2): 106-12. https://doi.org/10.3109/15368378.2015.1036072
[13] Zheng J.M., Pollack G.H. Long-range forces extending from polymer-gel surfaces. Phys. Rev. E. 2003;68:031408. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.68.031408.
[14] Zheng J., Chin W., Khijniak E., Khijniak E., Pollack G.H. Surfaces and interfacial water: Evidence that hydrophilic surfaces have long-range impact. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2006;127:19–27. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2006.07.002.
[15] Ho MW. Large supramolecular water clusters caught on camera-a review. Water 2014; 6: 1-2.
[16] Shiotari A, Sugimoto Y. Ultrahigh-resolution imaging of water networks by atomic force microscopy. Nature Communications 2017; 8(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14313
[17] Ma R, Cao D, Zhu C, Tian Y, Peng J, Guo J, Chen J, Li XZ, Francisco JS, Zeng XC, Xu LM. Atomic imaging of the edge structure and growth of a two-dimensional hexagonal ice. Nature 2020; 577(7788): 60-3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1853-4
[18] Merte LR, Bechstein R, Peng G, Rieboldt F, Farberow CA, Zeuthen H, Knudsen J, Lægsgaard E, Wendt S, Mavrikakis M, Besenbacher F. Water clustering on nanostructured iron oxide films. Nature Communications 2014; 5(1): 4193. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5193
[19] Ho MW Illuminating water and life: Emilio Del Giudice Electromagnetic biology and medicine 2015; 34(2): 113-22. https://doi.org/10.3109/15368378.2015.1036079
[20] Del Giudice E, Tedeschi A, Vitiello G, Voeikov V. Coherent structures in liquid water close to hydrophilic surfaces. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2013; 442(1): 012028) IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/442/1/012028
[21] Jhon MS. The water puzzle and the hexagonal key Amerika, Uplifting 2004.
[22] Ho MW Living rainbow H2O World Scientific; 2012.
[23] Dombrovsky LA, Fedorets AA, Medvedev DN. The use of infrared irradiation to stabilize levitating clusters of water droplets. Infrared Physics & Technology 2016; 75: 124-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2015.12.020
[24] Dombrovsky LA, Fedorets AA, Levashov VY, Kryukov AP, Bormashenko E, Nosonovsky M. Stable cluster of identical water droplets formed under the infrared irradiation: Experimental study and theoretical modeling. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2020; 161: 120255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120255
[25] Yakunov AV, Biliy MM, Naumenko AP. Long-Term Structural Modification of Water under Microwave Irradiation: Low-Frequency Raman Spectroscopic Measurements. Advances in Optical Technologies 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5260912
[26] Seker SS, Simsek O. Brief Review of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Pollution (RF and 5G Waves) on Humans, Animals, and Vegetation.
[27] Kalantaryan V, Martirosyan R, Babayan Y, Petrosyan V. Violation of molecular structure of intracellular water as a possible cause of carcinogenesis and its suppression by microwave radiation (hypothesis). Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2023.06.013
[28] Klimov A., Pollack G.H. Visualization of Charge-Carrier Propagation in Water. Langmuir. 2007;23:11890–11895. doi: 10.1021/la701742v.
[29] Segarra-Martí J, Roca-Sanjuán D, Merchán M. Can the hexagonal ice-like model render the spectroscopic fingerprints of structured water; Feedback from quantum-chemical computations. Entropy 2014; 16(7): 4101-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/e16074101
[30] Pollack GH. Water, energy and life: fresh views from the water's edge. International Journal of Design & Nature and Eco-dynamics: a Transdisciplinary Journal Relating to Nature, Science and the Humanities 2010; 5(1): 27. https://doi.org/10.2495/DNE-V5-N1-27-29
[31] Hwang SG, Hong JK, Sharma A, Pollack GH, Bahng G. Exclusion zone and heterogeneous water structure at ambient temperature. PLoS One 2018; 13(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195057



WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF CONFLICT ON SUPPLY CHAINS AND TRADE WITHIN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY: THE CASE OF SYRIA
Hiba Tarabishi1;
1University of St. Gallen, Zurich, Switzerland;
sips24_73_352

In the complex landscape of conflict, this thesis sought to unravel the intricate effects on supply chains and trade within Syria's pharmaceutical industry, which experienced over a decade of civil war. The research was motivated by the limited existing literature on the impact of conflict on supply chains and trade in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly concerning Syria. Prior to the civil war, Syria's pharmaceutical sector demonstrated significant growth and self-sufficiency. However, the conflict brought substantial disruptions, prompting an examination of the ensuing challenges. Utilizing a qualitative approach, this study conducted semi-structured interviews with key industry stakeholders in Syria. The findings revealed that prior to the civil war, various antecedents contributed to the success of the pharmaceutical industry. However, the conflict introduced international and domestic factors that hindered the efficiency of supply chains and resulted in reduced domestic and international trade activities. In response, companies and individuals adopted adaptation strategies, showcasing the industry's resilience in the face of adversity. This research contributed valuable insights into the dynamics of conflict on supply chain and trade by contributing novel findings and enriching existing research.

Keywords:
Adaptation Strategies; International Sanctions; Currency Collapse; Domestic Production; Supply Chain; Pharmaceutical Industry; Ecosystem Players; Economic Impact


References:
[1] K. Abu-Ismail, A. Abdel-Gadir, and H. El-Laithy, Poverty and Inequality in Syria (1997-2007), Arab Development Challenges Report and Background Paper 2011/15, UNDP, 2011. Available: https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/arabstates/BG_15_Poverty-and-Inequality-in-Syria_FeB.pdf.
[2] A. Aydin, "Enforcing Openness: Trade Protectionism and Intervention in Civil Wars," Civil Wars, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 257-282, 2021. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2021.1949813
[3] WHO, "Syria Crisis," 2021. Available: http://www.emro.who.int/ar/syr/syria-crisis/index.html
[4] Syrian Studies Blog, "Shifting alliances in an anarchical system: the case of the Syrian conflict," Nov. 19, 2019. Available: https://css.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/2019/11/19/shifting-alliances-in-an-anarchical-system-the-case-of-the-syrian-conflict
[5] H. Tarabishi, "What are the Effects of Conflict on Supply Chains and Trade within the Pharmaceutical Industry: The Case of Syria," M.A. thesis, Swiss Institute for International Economics and Applied Economic Research, University of St. Gallen, 2023.






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